Imaging the past: recent applications of multispectral imaging technology to deciphering manuscripts. (Method).

Imaging the past: recent applications of multispectral imaging technology to deciphering manuscripts. (Method). Intriguing new digital imaging technology is unveiling previouslyillegible il��leg��i��ble?adj.Not legible or decipherable.il��legi��bil and even unseen text on ancient manuscripts recovered fromcaves near the Dead Sea, the ashes of Vesuvius, and the ruins of Petra.Known as multispectral imaging (MSI MSI:see integrated circuit. (1) (MicroSoft Installer) See Windows Installer.(2) (Medium Scale Integration) Between 100 and 3,000 transistors on a chip. See SSI, LSI, VLSI and ULSI. ), the technology has outperformedconventional photographic techniques in many applications, capturingimages that are shedding new light on history. This initial success atproducing superior textual images of fragile, deterioratingantiquities--and electronically preserving those images for future studyand appreciation--has attracted widespread interest and bodes well forthe continued use of MSI technology in archaeological fieldwork. This article outlines the development of MSI, describes itsadvantages over both black-and-white and infrared photography Photography employing an optical system and direct image recording on film sensitive to near-infrared wavelength (infrared film). (Note: Not to be confused with "infrared imagery.") , andreviews the exciting results of its recent applications to fragments ofthe Dead Sea Scrolls and to the carbonised scrolls of Petra andHerculaneum. Development of multispectral imaging Space exploration has been a rich source of spin-off technologiesfor terrestrial applications as diverse as robotics, biomedicine biomedicine/bio��med��i��cine/ (bi?o-med��i-sin) clinical medicine based on the principles of the natural sciences (biology, biochemistry, etc.).biomed��ical bi��o��med��i��cinen.1. , andmaterial science. So it may come as no surprise that MSI, thoughinspired by techniques developed and first used for remote explorationof the solar system, has begun to significantly affect the study of thepast and its artefacts. Multispectral imaging was first applied in the LANDSAT series ofsatellites, whose imaging hardware used four or five spectral bands tocapture images in either the visible or near-infrared ranges of thelight spectrum (Elachi 1987: 104-10). Most of that instrumentation wasdesigned for use on moving platforms such as spacecraft, satellites, andaircraft. In the early 1990s, a shift in NASA's planetary missionsfrom large science payloads (thousands of kilograms) to small ones (upto 100 kilograms) required the development of smaller instruments thatretained the same science capability as before. One result was that new imaging spectrometers (sophisticatedmultispectral imagers) were developed that did not require motion forimage acquisition. This advance allowed MSI technology to be used inother areas; for example, multispectral image detectors can now bemounted on a microscope for biological study or on a fundus camera formedical examination or, in our case, taken into the field or a museumfor archaeological imaging. In contrast to remote sensing from space at hundreds of kilometres,archaeological MSI is typically performed at close range (measured intens and hundreds of centimetres) in makeshift laboratories in settingsthat vary from humid jungles and caves to museums and conservatories infaraway lands. Advantages over conventional photography By responding to ultraviolet and infrared light, the imagedetectors in multispectral cameras reveal information that is concealedfrom the human eye. Multispectral imaging (1) (see technical note at theend) divides that portion of the light spectrum into a number offrequency bands and records each of the images separately, typically asa set of monochrome images. Multiple images of the same scene, eachviewed at different wavelengths, form a multispectral image cube. Thisdata cube can then be processed to extract information related tospectral differences of the images within the cube (see Figure 1). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] By contrast, colour pictures use a very reduced set of frequencybands operating over the spectrum of visible light to produce an imagefrom cyan, magenta, and yellow image planes as shown in Figure 2.Multispectral imaging divides the same spectrum into multiplefiner-image data sets and adds images from outside the visible lightrange. As a result, multispectral imaging produces a set of images withmuch more information than a single black-and-white or colourphotograph. Examining these additional images, one can often see faintdetails emerge from the background at spectral locations where clutterdisappears, ink becomes dark and the background light, or pigmentsappear. The quality of the response of a single point in an image (apicture cell, or pixel) is a function of the illuminating lightfrequency. Digitally recording of the image cubes as a collection ofpixels provides data sets for comparison and later digital processing(for information on remote-sensing algorithms, see Jensen 1999) thatyields pictures with significantly improved contrast. (2) [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] One might think that infrared photographic emulsions can eliminatethe need for multispectral imaging in many applications. However,digital infrared imagery has four significant advantages over infraredphotography. These advantages were critical in the applications outlinedin this paper and can be summarised as follows: 1 MSI requires that image slices in the light spectrum beseparately collected. This would suggest that, in the case of infraredfilm, several infrared images of the same scene would need to begathered using different infrared bandpass filters. Using infrared filmrequires almost immediate processing to preserve the optimal image andto determine if the images are in focus. That involved procedure may befeasible when photographing a single object, but for a large collection,the logistics of imaging, developing, and reshooting bad images becomesan insurmountable hurdle. 2 High-fidelity imagery requires that each monochrome image of themultispectral image cube be refocused. For the infrared region this isespecially critical. Conventional film does not allow direct observationof the fidelity of the focused image until the film is developed. As aresult, traditional photographic techniques typically select a point inthe midrange of the infrared film response to set a focus. Thiscompromises the focus outside that region and the ability to make fineadjustments to the depth of field by adjusting the f-stop and exposure.The result is degraded imagery when using film. 3 The dynamic range of digital image sensors exceeds the dynamicrange of infrared film, thereby allowing a single image to include moreprecise information, especially in the fog and saturation regions thatcorrespond to film. Further, the ability to view digital infrared imagesinstantaneously allows one to adjust the sensor response and ensure thatthe image falls within the expanded dynamic range of the sensor. 4 The spectral range of infrared film is limited to wavelengthsbelow about 900 nm (at around 850 nm, the film's sensitivity tolight begins to decrease significantly), while digital sensors extendbeyond this limit to wavelengths of about 1100 nm. Because of these advantages, digital MSI has been applied to someof the world's treasured artefacts with exciting results. The Dead Sea Scrolls The first time that imaging spectroscopy was applied toarchaeological documents was on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Early work in 1993and 1994 (Bearman et al. 1993, 1996: 56-66) demonstrated its usefulnessand led to the development of an inexpensive near-infrared electronicimager (now in regular use at the Rockefeller Archaeological Museum inJerusalem). That work also helped explain why infrared photography,which was routinely used for imaging ancient texts, was sometimes noteffective in those applications. The practical success of imaging theDead Sea Scrolls paved the way for imaging a variety of other ancienttexts and objects. Both infrared and ultraviolet photography were applied to imagingold and damaged documents almost as soon as illumination sources andfilms became available (Smith & Norman 1938: 179-207). Earlyexperience with these methods showed that really old manuscripts (beforethe third century AD) generally responded well (i.e., became morelegible) to infrared imaging, while documents of later date respondedbetter to ultraviolet imaging. Thus it was natural to photograph theDead Sea Scrolls (1947-56) with infrared film. In fact, the majority ofthe images that Scroll scholars use came from large-format (4 x 5")infrared negatives. What details are known of the original infraredphotographing of the scrolls are summarised in Bearman, Pfann, and Spiro(1998: 473-9). In the late 1980s West Semitic Research (owned and operated byBruce and Ken Zuckerman) began experimenting with infrared photographyin an attempt to improve its capability. Experiments involving a varietyof filters yielded mixed results, underscoring the need for newtechniques or technology. Progress was made in that direction with GregBearman's work of applying imaging spectroscopy to the Dead SeaScrolls. A physicist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory “JPL” redirects here. For other uses, see JPL (disambiguation).Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a NASA research center located in the cities of Pasadena and La Ca?ada Flintridge, near Los Angeles, California, USA. (operated by theCalifornia Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology,at Pasadena, Calif.; originally for men, became coeducational in 1970; founded 1891 as Throop Polytechnic Institute; called Throop College of Technology, 1913–20. for NASA NASA:see National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASAin full National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationIndependent U.S. ), Bearman contacted theAncient Biblical Manuscript Center (ABMC ABMC American Battle Monuments CommissionABMC Alexian Brothers Medical Center (Illinois)ABMC Aviation Battle Management ConceptABMC Arrowbear Music Camp (California)) in 1992 and suggested thatimaging spectroscopy could not only increase understanding of the limitsof infrared photography but also point the way to a sophisticatedelectronic imaging system. Bearman proposed to use an all-electronic imaging system that couldtune to any wavelength between 400 and 1100 nm, thus covering thevisible and near-infrared part of the spectrum and going considerablybeyond the sensitive wavelength of film. This system was developed inhis laboratory as part of a program to create small and capable imagingsystems for planetary exploration. The imaging system featured anelectro-optical device, specifically a liquid-crystal tunable filter(LCTF LCTF Liquid Crystal Tunable FilterLCTF Louisiana College Theatre FestivalLCTF Life Cycle Test Facility ) (Faust, Bearman & Chrien 1995: 412-13) positioned in front ofan imaging lens and electronic CCD camera. An LCTF can be thought of asa tunable bandpass filter that can be electronically commanded from acomputer to any wavelength in its tuning range. In this case, thebandwidth was selected to be 15 nm. Serendipitously, a small Dead Sea Scroll fragment from the GenesisApocryphon was at the Getty Conservation Institute for study as to whyit was deteriorating so rapidly. The institute loaned the fragment tothe imaging team, and an image was digitally captured (see Figures3a-c). Figure 3a is a visible-light monochrome photograph of thefragment, while Figure 3b shows the same fragment imaged with a simpleCCD CCDin full charge-coupled deviceSemiconductor device in which the individual semiconductor components are connected so that the electrical charge at the output of one device provides the input to the next device. monochrome camera with the LCTF set to 970 nm. Note in Figure 3b thehint of another letter under a flap of parchment (from the inner roll ofthe scroll) that stuck to the fragment when the scroll was unrolled. Atlonger wavelengths there are no chromophores to absorb light and thescattering length increases, so skin (human and animal) tends to becomemore transparent in the infrared. To exploit that fact, another infraredcamera was used to image the parchment flap. This camera, sensitive to1-3 [micro]m (much further into the infrared spectrum than a CCD),revealed three more letters under the flap to complete the text, asshown in Figure 3c. The text now reads [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII ASCIIor American Standard Code for Information Interchange,a set of codes used to represent letters, numbers, a few symbols, and control characters. Originally designed for teletype operations, it has found wide application in computers. ]('he wrote the words of Noah' or 'the writings of thewords of Noah'). The Qumran community used full spellings, so thereis a [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] in the name Noah. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] In summer 1994 an ABMC team spent a month in Jerusalem to image theentire Genesis Apocryphon and other documents (see Figures 4a-5b). Theresulting digital infrared images--acquired entirely at 970 nm--wereused in me recently published transcription and translation of theGenesis Apocryphon by Moshe Morgenstern and Elisha Qimron (1995: 30-54).These editors of the Genesis Apocryphon estimated that these imagesgenerated about 20 percent more text than what was available when webegan the project. An important result of this project was therealisation that a full spectral cube of the Dead Sea Scrolls was notneeded in order to obtain improved readings. Consequently, the ABMCdesigned and assembled an electronic digital imaging system that used afixed 970 nm interference filter mounted directly above the camerasensor. [FIGURES 4-5 OMITTED] Figure 6 demonstrates how infrared imaging improves the textcontrast--and thus the legibility--of the Dead Sea Scrolls. In thevisible part of the light spectrum, the reflectivity re��flec��tiv��i��ty?n. pl. re��flec��tiv��i��ties1. The quality of being reflective.2. The ability to reflect.3. of the ink is aboutthe same as that of the parchment, so there is no image contrast. Thesituation is the same as the proverbial black cat at midnight--withoutcontrast there is no image. As the wavelength increases, the parchmentbegins to reflect more than the ink does and the text contrastincreases. The key is using the right filter to bring out that contrast.Imaging over the entire spectral range (as is done with a colour orblack-and-white photo), however, washes out the desirable contrastbecause part of the signal comes from the spectral range where the inkand parchment have the same reflectivity. The chemistry behind thechanges in the parchment reflectivity is not understood, but that doesnot prevent us from exploiting those changes. [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] One additional finding was that infrared imaging generally yieldsbetter results with carbon-based inks than with gallo-tannin inks. Forthe Dead Sea Scrolls, the ink is carbon black (from soot) originallysuspended in some sort of liquid medium for writing. X-ray fluorescencehas shown that the ink used on the Dead Sea Scrolls contains carbonalmost exclusively and no iron, indicating that it is not a gallo-tanninink (Ginnell 1993; Plenderleith 1950: 146; Nir-El & Broshi 1996:157-67). The Scrolls of Petra The Petra scrolls--one of the largest papyrus finds in recentyears--were found in December 1993 during excavation of an opulentByzantine church in Petra, Jordan. The American Center of OrientalResearch (ACOR ACOR Association of Cancer Online ResourcesACOR American Center of Oriental ResearchACOR Advanced Certificate in Operational RiskACOR Assistant Contracting Officer RepresentativeACOR Actual Cost of RepairACOR Administrative Contracting Officers Representative ), (3) in conjunction with the Department of Antiquitiesof Jordan, conducted the excavation. According to conservators, 152 of atotal of approximately 180 scrolls have been unrolled. The scrolls rangein date from about AD 513 to 582 and constitute a collection of legalpapers from two or more large families that intermarried. Olderdocuments in the collection were passed from one generation to the nextuntil becoming part of the papers of Theodoros, son of Obodianus, anarchdeacon presumably pre��sum��a��ble?adj.That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. of the church where the papyri were found. The Petra scrolls are all documentary, consisting mostly of legalinstruments and registrations concerning changes in ownership of realestate and resulting taxes affecting two branches of a large family.These changes resulted from sales, inheritances, donations, dowries, andpostnuptial post��nup��tial?adj.Belonging to the period after marriage.post��nuptial��ly adv.Adj. 1. gifts. The properties involved were largely vineyards andgrain land in the countryside and structures on those fields, houses andparts of houses in Petra and in nearby communities, and slaves. Theproperty interests of the main branch of the family reach as far asEleutheropolis, 93 straight-line miles north-west of Petra. By localstandards, this is an upper-crust provincial family with close-knitinterests in church and community. The documents yield unique information. Before their discovery,almost nothing was known about sixth-century Petra from actualdocumentary evidence A type of written proof that is offered at a trial to establish the existence or nonexistence of a fact that is in dispute.Letters, contracts, deeds, licenses, certificates, tickets, or other writings are documentary evidence. (it was even assumed that the city had beendestroyed by an earthquake in AD 551). The challenge of the Petra papyri was that they had been carbonisedin a fire that destroyed the Petra church around AD 600 (Figure 8). Insome cases the carbonisation car`bon`i`sa´tionn. 1. same as carbonization.Noun 1. carbonisation - the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens)carbonization was extensive enough to make readingdifficult or impossible for the unaided eye. Photographing black inkagainst a fire-blackened background presented serious difficulties forconventional photography. Once unrolled, the fragile texts were mountedbetween glass plates measuring 40 x 40 cm. Attempts to photograph themwithout the glass failed because the fragments immediately curled. [FIGURE 8 OMITTED] Following usual procedure, a team of scientists from FARMS andCPART (4) performed a diagnostic trial on samples of the Petra scrollfragments in January 1999 at the ACOR facility in Amman, Jordan. Duringthese tests, an LCTF filter with 7 nm resolution was used to providemultispectral image cubes of the spectrum from 650 nm through 1050 nm.The images varied significantly in the contrast between ink and papyrusboth within a fragment and from fragment to fragment over the fullspectrum. This result differed markedly from that of imaging the DeadSea Scrolls (in which case the significant part of the desired textcould be restored using a single fixed filter), and it meant that themassive preservation process of the Petra scrolls would be furthercomplicated because extremely high spatial-resolution images would berequired at each of a number of wavelengths. It was clear that additional testing was needed. This was done inlate 1999 using optical interference, or fixed filters mounted in afilter wheel so that an image cube could be formed from only fivewavelengths (Kamal et al. 1998; Chabries & Booras 2001: 195-8).After analyzing the diagnostic data, scientists and determined thatthose wavelengths were optimal for recording the scroll data accuratelyand minimising the amount of image data to be collected. Because theentire Petra scroll collection is charred, the image resolution for allof the scrolls needed to be very high (at least as clear as thatobserved under a microscope). This was the first time that MSI wasapplied on such a large scale. In Figure 6 the reflectance of the carbonised ink appears to berelatively uniform among the fragments, with respect to both spatial andspectral changes. More detailed spectroscopic analysis revealed that theprimary variations in contrast between the ink and the papyrus areapparently caused by contrast variations of the carbonised papyrusitself. Evidence for this is shown in Figure 7, which displays apseudo-colour image of plate 316, roll 10, of the Petra scrolls. Thisimage was processed from a multispectral image cube with adigital-image-processing algorithm (Ware et al. 2000a: 2486-8) to showthe reflectance of various portions of the specimen coded with colour(portions of equal reflectance are assigned the same colour). The blueoutline around the fragment is an artefact See artifact. of the digital algorithm usedto obtain the fragment mask. The ink appears to be uniformly red, anindication of the spectral uniformity of the ink despite thefragment's varying degrees of carbonisation. The rainbow of colourshows the reflectance variation of the papyrus, which is presumably dueto thermal hot spots hot spotsacute moist dermatitis. and the possible differences in the length ofburning and amount of smoke contamination to which different portions ofthat papyrus were subjected. [FIGURES 6-7 OMITTED] The Scrolls of Herculaneum The only library preserved from the classical world, the privatelibrary at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum is providing anunparalleled look into the classical era. Ironically, the catastrophiceruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 that might have utterly destroyed the1,800 Herculaneum scrolls, instead preserved them for futuregenerations. As unearthed Unearthed is the name of a Triple J project to find and "dig up" (hence the name) hidden talent in regional Australia.Unearthed has had three incarnations - they first visited each region of Australia where Triple J had a transmitter - 41 regions in all. in 1753, the fragile scrolls are carbonisedand largely unreadable (see Figure 8). Using MSI technology, however,scientists from Brigham Young University's Institute for the Studyand Preservation of Ancient Religious Texts are gaining access to manyportions of these classical texts that have not been read for centuries. Recent advances in MSI technology and in the method of unrollingthe scrolls are renewing interest in the Herculaneum papyri, now housedin the Officina dei Papiri Ercolanesi at the Biblioteca Nazionale inNaples, Italy. Professor Marcello Gigante directed an internationaleffort to publish the texts and to document the archaeology of the villawhere the papyri were found (see Figure 9). Scholars under the directionof Professors David Blank of UCLA UCLA University of California at Los AngelesUCLA University Center for Learning Assistance (Illinois State University)UCLA University of Carrollton, TX and Lower Addison, TX , Richard Janko of University CollegeLondon “UCL” redirects here. For other uses, see UCL (disambiguation).University College London, commonly known as UCL, is the oldest multi-faculty constituent college of the University of London, one of the two original founding colleges, and the first British , Knut Kleve of the University of Oslo The University of Oslo (Norwegian: Universitetet i Oslo, Latin: Universitas Osloensis) was founded in 1811 as Universitas Regia Fredericiana (the Royal Frederick University , and Dirk Obbink of ChristChurch, Oxford, are identifying the content of the emerging works ofPhilodemus (a first-century-BC philosopher) from that collection. Theunrolled scrolls fill about 4,400 glass frames, or cornici (see Figure10), of which more than 3,000 have been imaged using MSI. Still, thecontents of many unrolled scrolls and hundreds of carbonised scrollfragments remain unidentified. [FIGURES 9-10 OMITTED] Some scholars compare this discovery--an extraordinary amount ofnew information on ancient philosophy and philosophers from the period300 BC to AD 79--to that of the Dead Sea Scrolls in terms of thequantity of historically significant writings. Archaeologists have alsodiscovered that the villa has other levels that have not yet beenexplored, leaving the intriguing prospect that more classical texts,lost for generations, will emerge in future excavations. The results of the test images of the Herculaneum papyri have farexceeded expectations. The first images taken with the 450 nm filterwere very dark with little contrast realised between the ink and thecarbonised papyrus--not much better than what the unaided eye could see.But the images steadily improved as they progressed toward thenear-infrared range until, at 950 nm, the ink became very distinct andthe texts very readable without computer enhancement (see Figures 11 and12). The multispectral images preserve enough data so they can be vastlyimproved with computer enhancement (Booras & Seely 1999: 95-100),though in many cases even the raw, unenhanced images have providedimproved readings. [FIGURES 11-12 OMITTED] BYU BYU Brigham Young UniversityBYU BayouBYU Bob's Your UncleBYU Bayreuth, Germany - Bindlacher Berg (Airport Code)BYU Beyond Your Understanding has completed the first phase of imaging the Herculaneum papyriat the Biblioteca Nazionale with the hope of contributing to theinternational effort to publish the papyri and related scholarship andreturning to assist in ongoing work. The resulting images will form acomplete, secure electronic archive of the collection that will helpfurther the scholarly enterprise for decades to come. In conclusion, multispectral imaging is helping unveil the past byallowing access to ancient records not otherwise possible. Thistechnology gives scientists, scholars, and other researchers the freedomto work on-site without the need to chemically process infrared film.High-quality images can be quickly captured, stored, and disseminated.The excitement of this work is its potential to bring to lightsignificant works that have been lost to mankind for centuries. Received: 20 March 2002; revised: 16 January 2003 Acknowledgements We express gratitude to Dr Gene A. Ware, Emeritus Professor ofEngineering at Brigham Young University Brigham Young University,at Provo, Utah; Latter-Day Saints; coeducational; opened as an academy in 1875 and became a university in 1903. It is noted for its law and business schools. , for designing a substantialportion of the imaging hardware used at Herculaneum and Petra and alsofor joining the expeditions to Petra to lend his crucial technicalexpertise. We also wish to thank Drs Pierre and Patricia Bikai,Directors of ACOR in Amman, Jordan, for their support and hospitalityduring the imaging of the Petra scrolls. Their interest and help in thisproject made the results possible. For assistance on the Herculaneumproject, we wish to thank Dr Maur Giancaspro, director of the BibliotecaNazionale in Naples, Italy; Dr Agnese Travaglione, director of theOfficina dei Papiri Ercolanesi at the Biblioteca Nazionale, and herstaff; Dr Marcello Gigante (deceased), Emeritus Professor of ClassicalPhilosophy at the University of Naples; and Dr David Blank, Professor ofAncient Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles UCLA comprises the College of Letters and Science (the primary undergraduate college), seven professional schools, and five professional Health Science schools. Since 2001, UCLA has enrolled over 33,000 total students, and that number is steadily rising. , and hispublication team. We give special thanks to Dr Knut Kleve, Professor ofClassical and Romance Languages at the University of Oslo andconservator conservatorn. a guardian and protector appointed by a judge to protect and manage the financial affairs and/or the person's daily life due to physical or mental limitations or old age. of the Herculaneum Papyri, for his help, advice and gracioussupport. We give special thanks also to Dr Roger T. Macfarlane MacFarlane or Macfarlane is a surname shared by: Alan Macfarlane (born 1941), a professor of anthropological science at Cambridge University Alexander Macfarlane (mathematician) (1851-1913), a Scottish-Canadian logician, physicist, and mathematician ,Professor of Classics and chair of the Department of Humanities,Classics, and Comparative Literature at Brigham Young University who isthe Principle Investigator for the Institute for the Study andPreservation of Ancient Religious Texts for his support in managing thisproject. Notes (1) The terms multispectral, hyperspectral, and ultraspectral areused in the technical literature to categorise images of the same scenecaptured at different wavelengths. Multispectral data sets include onthe order of 10 images, hyperspectral data sets include on the order of100 images, and ultraspectral data sets include thousands of images. Interms of image spectral bandwidth, multispectral images range fromhundreds to thousands of nanometers, while hyperspectral images are inthe tens of nanometers and ultraspectral images are in the nanometer andsub-nanometer range. The data presented in this paper are multispectralin the sense that about ten different bands are used, but alsohyperspectral because the image bandwidths range from 7 nm through 40nm. For convenience, the term multispectral will be applied to this dataset. (2) Direct techniques used to measure the response of an image as afunction of the illumination frequency combine imaging technology withspectroscopy to provide a powerful tool for analysis and visualisation.There are many technical means to obtain spectroscopic spec��tro��scope?n.An instrument for producing and observing spectra.spectro��scop image data, butin all cases the result is a two-dimensional image containing spectraldata for each pixel. This data can then be used to classify and furtheranalyse the image to reveal information not available in monochromaticor traditional film color images. (3) The papyri are presently at ACOR in Amman, Jordan. Inaccordance with a contract signed by ACOR, the Department of Antiquitiesof Jordan, and Professors J. Frosen of the University of Helsinki The University of Helsinki is not to be confused with the Helsinki University of Technology.The University of Helsinki (Finnish: Helsingin yliopisto, Swedish: Helsingfors universitetand L.Koenen of the University of Michigan (body, education) University of Michigan - A large cosmopolitan university in the Midwest USA. Over 50000 students are enrolled at the University of Michigan's three campuses. The students come from 50 states and over 100 foreign countries. , publication of this archive hasbeen assigned in equal portions to a Finnish team and an American team. (4) FARMS is the Foundation for Ancient Research and MormonStudies The Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) is an informal collaboration of academics devoted to Mormon historical scholarship. The group is formally part of the Neal A. , and CPART is the Center for the Preservation of AncientReligious Texts. 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CHABRIES, R.W. CHRISTIANSEN & C.E. MARTIN.2000a. Multispectral document enhancement: Ancient carbonised scrolls,in Proceedings of IGARSS IGARSS International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2000 (International Geoscience ge��o��sci��ence?n.Any one of the sciences, such as geology or geochemistry, that deals with the earth.ge and RemoteSensing Symposium, Honolulu, 24-28 July 2000). Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, www.ieee.org) A membership organization that includes engineers, scientists and students in electronics and allied fields. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE).The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-e ). 27 July 2000. Douglas M. Chabries, Steven W. Booras (1) & Gregory H. Bearman(2) (1) ISPART, Brigham Young University, USA (2) ANE Image, Pasadena, California, USA