Mapping prehistoric statue roads on Easter Island.

Mapping prehistoric statue roads on Easter Island. Introduction Scholars have long debated on how the colossal statues (moai) onEaster Island Easter Island,Span. Isla de Pascua, Polynesian Rapa Nui, remote island (1992 pop. 2,770), 66 sq mi (171 sq km), in the South Pacific, c.2,200 mi (3,540 km) W of Chile, to which it belongs. were transported to every corner of the island. Theancient people of Easter Island carved and moved hundreds of multi-tonstatues up to 18km over rugged terrain. While early researchers trackedthe course of a few ancient roads This is a list of Historic Roads — major long-distance roads of significant historic value.In Europe, with the exception of the Roman roads, the paths were not fixed and depended on the topology and geography of the land. leading from the main statue quarry atRano Raraku Main article: Rapa Nui National Park Main article: Moai Rano Raraku is a volcanic crater formed of consolidated volcanic ash, or tuff, and located on the lower slopes of Terevaka in the Rapa Nui National , new high-resolution satellite imagery Satellite imagery consists of photographs of Earth or other planets made from artificial satellites. HistoryThe first satellite photographs of Earth were made August 14, 1959 by the US satellite Explorer 6. reveals the remainsof an extensive pattern of prehistoric roads. Here we report analyses ofsatellite images and the results of ground-based field surveys that showsomething of the newly discovered ancient network and its variedcomponents. The distribution and structure of the roads also provide newevidence for evaluating models for how the statues were moved. Thepattern of the roads suggests a hypothesis for statue movement byindependent groups from across the island, rather than labour controlledby a central chiefdom. Our survey also shows that historic and modernactivities have destroyed roads and where protection is urgently needed. Since the first encounter by the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen in1722, the giant stone statues (moai) of Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Chile)have engendered speculation and debate. With sizes ranging from about 2to 10m in height, the distribution of the completed statues meantcarving and hauling an estimated 14 000 tons of stone over distances ofup to 18km. Despite many experiments and much debate, just how themassive statues were moved remains a mystery, particularly given thelack of historic or ethnographic evidence. Wild claims of transport byvolcanic activity (Wolff 1948) and even extra-terrestrials have beenproposed (Von Daniken 1974), and Roggeveen felt that the statues wereformed in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. by moulding clay or pliable earth (Sharp 1970). However,most archaeologists now agree that the stone statues were moved by somekind of rolling activity (Van Tilburg 1994), by rocking the figures inan upright fashion (Pavel 1990, 1995; Love 1990) or by levering (Lee1998, 1999, 2000). Additionally, experimental studies have shown that arelatively small number of individuals could move the statues, ratherthan the large groups of organised labour once considered necessary (seeLee 1998, 1999, 2000; Love 1990, 2000; Van Tilburg 1996). Despite the long interest and lively debate on how the statuescould have been moved, most scholars have paid only passing attention tothe presence of extensive road features stretching from the statuequarry at Rano Raraku in multiple directions across the island. In 1919,Routledge (1919: 194) noted that 'the level rays of the sinking sunshowed up inequalities of the ground, and, looking towards the sea,along the level plain of the south coast, the old track was clearlyseen; it was slightly raised over lower ground and depressed somewhatthrough higher, and along it every few hundred yards lay a statue'.Routledge (1919) outlined the arrangement of roads over the island andsketched a map for segments of a few of them, and while oftenacknowledged by others, little else was known or made of theirsignificance. In recent years, Love (2000) has undertaken intensiveresearch on the roads and their composite features, including someexcavations in the island's southern sector. Yet despite this recent attention, the roads of Easter Island havenever been systematically documented for the island as a whole. Here, wepresent an extensive analysis of the island's roads as a complementto the intensive studies undertaken recently by Love. Our data haveimplications for evaluating models for how the statues were moved, andin particular for understanding the scale of labour organisation andinvestment in monumental statuary stat��u��ar��y?n. pl. stat��u��ar��ies1. Statues considered as a group.2. The art of making statues.3. A sculptor.adj.Of, relating to, or suitable for a statue. and architecture on the island. As wehave outlined elsewhere, such investment in monumentality may haveplayed a significant role in the evolution of Easter Island culture(Hunt & Lipo 2001). Easter Island is small (171[km.sup.2]) and among the most isolatedinhabited islands on earth. The island lies just outside the tropics tropics,also called tropical zone or torrid zone, all the land and water of the earth situated between the Tropic of Cancer at lat. 23 1-2°N and the Tropic of Capricorn at lat. 23 1-2°S. (27[degrees]9'S) and lacks the biodiversity, abundant rainfall,permanent streams and rich reef ecosystems common elsewhere inPolynesia. Multiple lines of evidence document settlement from EasternPolynesia no later than AD 600-700. In its extreme windward location toPolynesia, the island likely remained well isolated followingcolonisation (Finney 1993). Scholars estimate that over at least 500years (c. AD 1000-1500) islanders carved more than 700 multi-ton moai,with at least 300 transported from the quarry at Rano Raraku andtraversing distances up to 18km over a rugged landscape. In addition tostatues, the ancient islanders constructed more than 313 monumentalreligious structures (ahu) (Martinsson-Wallin 1994), comprising with thestatue industry large investments in cultural elaboration (Hunt &Lipo 2001). In sum, despite a remote location and limited resources, theper capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. investment in monument construction on Easter Island is amongthe highest anywhere in the ancient world. Methods Over the past several decades, satellite imagery has become apowerful and efficient means for generating information about thestructure of the earth's surface over large areas. The potential ofsatellite images in archaeological research, however, is only beginningto be recognised. Part of the slow adoption of satellite-based researchin archaeology has been the relatively low resolution of images that wasavailable from early satellites. Satellites such as those in the Landsatseries, for example, are only able to resolve features larger than 80min size. Thus, the earliest uses of satellite images were limited mostlyto the study of landscapes or very large archaeological features (e.g.,Allan & Richards 1983; Custer 1986; Ebert & Lyons 1980; Findlow& Confeld 1980; Schalk & Lyons 1976). In the past several years,this situation has radically changed with the availability ofdeclassified de��clas��si��fy?tr.v. de��clas��si��fied, de��clas��si��fy��ing, de��clas��si��fiesTo remove official security classification from (a document).de��clas military imagery and the establishment of commercial firmswho have launched their own satellites. A new generation of satellitessuch as Corona, SPIN-2, Orbview-3/4, SPOT, EROS Eros, in Greek religion and mythologyEros(ēr`ŏs, ĕr`–), in Greek religion and mythology, god of love. He was the personification of love in all its manifestations, including physical passion at its strongest, tender, and Ikonos providehigh-resolution images that are well below 10m and at low costs. Here wetake 'high resolution' to mean imagery that represents theearth's surface at a resolution of less than 10m across (Forte2001:132). It is possible in such images to recognise archaeologicalfeatures (e.g., structures, monuments, deposits); their use has spawneda wide variety of applications in archaeological research (e.g.,Failmezger 2001; Fowler, 1996, 2002; Kennedy 1998, Kouchoukos 2001;Mumford & Parcak 2002; Philip et al. 2002). Significantly, the resolution of recent satellite images has provento be sufficient to trace linear prehistoric features such as roads(e.g., Ur 2003; Sever & Wagner 1991) and even footpaths (McKee etal. 1994; Sheets & Sever 1991; Sheets 2003). The success of thesestudies suggests that it should be possible to detect roads used to moveEaster Island statues (moai) which can be c. 2-5m across provided viewsare not obstructed by vegetation or other kinds of ground cover. We acquired images from DigitalGlobe's QuickBird satellite(http://www.DigitalGlobe. com), a commercial satellite launched in 2001,which orbits the earth every 93.5 min and revisits its path every 1-3.5days depending on the latitude. Remarkably, the QuickBird satellite iscapable of generating panchromatic pan��chro��mat��ic?adj.Sensitive to all colors: panchromatic film.pan��chroma��tism n. images with resolutions of 61-72cmand multispectral images with resolutions of 244-288cm. Differences inresolution depend on the degree to which the satellite is off from thenadir (overhead position) when the image is taken. Data in theDigitalGlobe images are geo-processed so that points and features can belocated with an accuracy of 23m at 90 per cent circular error. The QuickBird satellite provides images that are comparable withmost aerial photographs, and is of sufficient resolution to provide abase for mapping between 1'= 200' and 1" = 400'scale (Nale 2002). One of the advantages of QuickBird is that it is ableto collect data at near nadir and that the corresponding digital imagerymay be considered true overheads. An additional advantage that QuickBirdhas over aerial photographs is that images are available in colour,panchroma and 4-band multispectra ranging from blue to near-infrared(400 nm-900 nm). This multispectral information, though at a lowerresolution (c. 2.4m), is of sufficient quality to provide for a broadrange of vegetation and environmental information. Natural colourimagery can provide for crop, forest and wetland information.Remarkably, all of these datasets are available for areas across most ofthe earth for about US $30 per square kilometre Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area, the square metre, one of the SI derived units. 1 km2 is equal to: 1,000,000 m2 100 ha (hectare) Conversely: 1 m2 = 0. . We used a composite of three sets of recent high-resolution (60cm)panchromatic and multispectral images in the analysis of Easter Island.These images were taken on 2 April 2003, 2 December 2002 and 3 February2003 and at angles less than 15 degrees off of nadir. Though the imageswere georeferenced by DigitalGlobe, we conducted additionalgeorectification by matching points on the images with GPS coordinatescollected on the ground. This rectification allowed us to travel topoints identified on the images to within the precision of our hand-heldGPS units, or about 20m. The image data were processed using anearest-neighbour resampling kernel that produced a pixel size of 70cmfor the panchromatic images and 240cm for the multispectral images.While portions of the island are not visible due to cloud coverage, as acomposite set the images provide a view of c. 85 per cent of theisland's ground surface. The minimal vegetation and the nature of the archaeological record The archaeological record is a term used in archaeology to denote all archaeological evidence, including the physical remains of past human activities which archaeologists seek out and record in an attempt to analyze and reconstruct the past. on the island made features easily visible in the images. Theenvironment of the Easter Island predominately comprises various grassesand other weedy plants. Much of the island is under grazing by cattleand horses, with some small-scale farming. Areas of the island have beenplanted with eucalyptus trees, but these groves are limited. As aresult, archaeological features such as platforms (ahu), housefoundations (hare paenga), agricultural features (manavai) and in somecases, statues (moai), were easily identified. We recognised roadfeatures as linear forms on several criteria, often found incombinations, such as vegetation differences, depressions filled withcobble scree, banks, trails between statues, erosion patterns and shadowmarks Shadow marks are a form of archaeological feature visible from the air. Unlike cropmarks, frost marks and soil marks they require upstanding features to work and are therefore more commonly seen in the context of extant sites rather than previously undiscovered buried ones. . Vegetation differences appear to have been caused by compressedsediment that retains greater moisture. The same compressed, U-shapedroadbeds naturally filled with surface rocks (cobbles cob��ble?1?n.1. A cobblestone.2. Geology A rock fragment between 64 and 256 millimeters in diameter, especially one that has been naturally rounded.3. cobbles See cob coal.tr. ) as scree oreroded into troughs with surface water flow, particularly on slopes.Some roads have curbstones and other structural features, includingearthworks that create shadows in angled light, or are associated withmultiple statues. We first identified alignments and linear features of stone, soiland/or vegetation anomalies measuring to approximately 5m in width(Figures 1 and 2). Roads appeared on the images as extensive, dark linesin the case of the panchromatic images or with colour and intensitydifferences in the case of the multispectral images. The panchromaticimages were the most useful since the resolution of these images is anorder of magnitude A change in quantity or volume as measured by the decimal point. For example, from tens to hundreds is one order of magnitude. Tens to thousands is two orders of magnitude; tens to millions is three orders of magnitude, etc. greater than the average width of the road features.For the most part, the multispectral data were too low in resolution,given the average width of the roads. However, the multispectral imagesoften provided information about potential vegetation differences usedto corroborate To support or enhance the believability of a fact or assertion by the presentation of additional information that confirms the truthfulness of the item.The testimony of a witness is corroborated if subsequent evidence, such as a coroner's report or the testimony of other potential ancient roads first recognised in thepanchromatic data. [FIGURES 1-2 OMITTED] Extensive historic sheep ranching in the late nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries by Williamson-Balfour and Company and modern farmingactivities have led to the construction of roads, stone walls (pirca)andfences. Since the linear features identified on the satellite imagesincluded a combination of prehistoric, historic and modern roads, weinitially mapped as many linear features as possible and used groundsurvey to eliminate roads clearly attributed to more recent activity.Survey teams travelled to all areas identified as potential roads on thesatellite images. The presence of statues (moai) along roadbeds as wellas constructed linear features such as curbstones with U-shapeddepressions served as a primary means to confirm the prehistoric age ofroads. Such features were not always continuous, but linear aggregationsof features could be traced across the landscape. Use of these criteriameans that our map delineates the minimum number of statue roads, butensures that the patterns we observed are related to prehistoricactivity, and not ranching or other kinds of later historic activities. To distinguish the ancient roads from historic and modern ones aswell as other linear features on the landscape, we paid particularattention to linear features crossed by historic features such as ranchroads and walls to estimate relative ordering. We also plotted theisland-wide distribution of 702 statues and 87 statue topknots (pukao)of red volcanic cinder from Puna Pau Main article: Rapa Nui National Park Main article: Pukao Punau Pau is a quarry in a small crater or cinder cone on the outskirts of Hanga Roa in the South West of Easter Island (a Chilean island in the Crater (Figure 3). Finally, weconducted extensive ground survey, covering approximately 70km ofpotential roads. The field survey consisted of walking the length of theareas identified as potential roads (ancient, historic or modern) andrecording evidence of prehistoric modifications, linear patterns oferosion, and particularly the presence of statues. Indeed,investigations of the alignments plotted from the satellite images ledto the discovery of several statues previously undocumented. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Results Our analysis and field survey have identified approximately 32kinof ancient statue roads emanating like spokes from the Rano Rarakuquarry across the island (Figure 3). These roads comprise a minimum offour major roads leading north-north-west, north-west, west-south-westand south-west. A fifth major road may head directly north from thequarry, but historic and modern modification and use leave thisidentification ambiguous without further research. Major roads are alsofound along the west and north side of the island and on the lower(northern) edge of Rano Kao Crater. Minor roads or remnants lead fromRano Raraku to the monumental site (ahu) of Tongariki, and along thenortheast coast. Some of these roads conform to Verb 1. conform to - satisfy a condition or restriction; "Does this paper meet the requirements for the degree?"fit, meetcoordinate - be co-ordinated; "These activities coordinate well" those sketched byRoutledge in 1919, but overall our research shows a greater extent ofroads. Field survey confirms that ancient road alignments are formed bylinear depressions and/or eroded beds commonly filled with cobbles, assoil erosion (particularly on slopes), as stone constructed features(e.g., single and double alignments of curbstones lining the edge ofroadbeds), as earthen/rock modifications, as clearings of surface rockand/or as vegetation differences (Figures 4 and 5). Along the southernroad in Akahanga we also identified circular stone clusters (6-8m indiameter) placed roughly parallel to the road (Figure 2). These featuresmay have played a role in statue transport; a few are found on otherroads. In the field survey we also documented and distinguished historichorse trails, ranch roads and zones of modern grading or other machinework. [FIGURES 4-5 OMITTED] The course of the statue roads also reveals their independence fromareas of high-density occupation. The paths do not connect areas ofhabitation HABITATION, civil law. It was the right of a person to live in the house of another without prejudice to the property. 2. It differed from a usufruct in this, that the usufructuary might have applied the house to any purpose, as, a store or manufactory; whereas together. Rather, the roads appear to have been primarilyconstructed for statue transport, and not for other primary purposes,such as travel and communication. This may distinguish, to some degree,the roads of Easter Island from general economic transportation systemselsewhere (e.g., Sheets 2003; Trombold 1991). Some ancient statue roads had been modified and reused in historicand modern times. In many cases, ancient statue roads appear to haveoffered ideal paths for historic horse trails, ox carts, or morerecently for motor vehicles. Recent use of the ancient roads appears tohave followed a 'path of least resistance' as they arerelatively free of rock or other barriers and traverse minimaltopography and distances from one point to another. The termination ofat least the three major west and north-west bound roads end in recentlyploughed fields. Such historic and modern use makes the presence of someancient roads difficult to confirm without further intensive study, suchas the excavations conducted by Charles Love on road segments in 2001(see Flenley & Bahn 2002). Reports from Love's excavations willprovide important details on their construction, form, use and a basisfor establishing an absolute chronology through dating. Tracing ancientroads across the landscape provides a vivid picture of where recentactivities have destroyed archaeological evidence. The roads are a clearreminder of the urgent need for a comprehensive management plan forhistoric preservation Historic preservation is the act of maintaining and repairing existing historic materials and the retention of a property's form as it has evolved over time. When considering the United States Department of Interior's interpretation: "Preservation calls for the existing form, on the island. Discussion The systematic documentation of the ancient roads of Easter Islandis essential to evaluate the competing models for how the statues weremoved. Data on statue size and distribution suggest that their movementrequired the greatest investment in energy (Figure 6), and thattransport failure occurred more often with larger statues. Documentingthe roads provides data on the actual minimal distances that the statueswere transported, rather than hypothetical or optimal paths used in somemodels (Van Tilburg 1994). Direct study of the roads will also inform onthe nature of the surfaces and the slopes the statues traversed in themovement over the island. [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] Mapping the paths of these stone giants also provides some cluesfor the social, economic and political organisation A political organization is any organization or group that is concerned with, or involved in the political process. Political organizations can include everything from special interest groups who lobby politicians for change, to think tanks that propose policy alternatives, to of the ancientislanders. The roads emanate from the quarry in a spoke-like pattern tothe south, west and north coasts. Field survey confirmed thedistribution of at least seven major roads/road segments, extending some32km. Their arrangement suggests that roads were not necessarily shared,but each region (potentially related to individual social groups) hadtheir own road for delivery of statues from Rano Raraku. The apparentindependence of the roads argues against a centralised authorityregulating statue production and transport. Instead, the evidencefavours a model of smaller, competing groups engaged in thelabour-intensive investments of statue making and transport. We suggestsuch a hypothesis for relatively autonomous competing groups over muchof the island's prehistory prehistory,period of human evolution before writing was invented and records kept. The term was coined by Daniel Wilson in 1851. It is followed by protohistory, the period for which we have some records but must still rely largely on archaeological evidence to should be tested against multiple linesof evidence. The remains of the ancient roads provide a new context in which toevaluate models for the movement of the statues from the quarry at RanoRaraku to every part of the island. If the pattern of road construction and use support a hypothesisfor the movement of statues by smaller independent and competitivegroups, then social and political organisation was not centralised forthe island, as some have inferred (Diamond 1995). Indeed, much of thestory told for Easter Island's ancient past is in need of criticalre-evaluation (Hunt & Lipo 2001; Rainbird rainbirdNounS African a common name for [Burchell's coucal], a bird whose call is believed to be a sign of impending rain 2002). Meanwhile oursurvey also suggests that the ancient roads themselves are fastdisappearing as ploughing and other farming activities spread across theisland. Acknowledgements We thank Sergio Rapu, Francisco Torres Hochstetter of the SebastianEnglert Museum on Rapa Nui and Daniel O. Larson for their collaborationand support. Brett Shephardson, University of Hawaii (body, education) University of Hawaii - A University spread over 10 campuses on 4 islands throughout the state.http://hawaii.edu/uhinfo.html.See also Aloha, Aloha Net. Ph.D. student,collected data for the island-wide distribution of statues. T. Hunt andstudents from the 2003 University of Hawai'i field school conductedthe primary survey of pukao. We also thank Ileana Bradford, KalewaCorrea, Roxanne Kennedy, Chris O'Boynick and the many students fromthe 2003 California State University Enrollment , Long Beach and University ofHawai'i Archaeological Field Schools for their hard work in theanalysis and field survey for this project. Special thanks go to MarcKelly who provided heroic assistance in the field and in the preparationof the graphics. The satellite images were purchased with support fromthe College of Liberal Arts liberal arts,term originally used to designate the arts or studies suited to freemen. It was applied in the Middle Ages to seven branches of learning, the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and the quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. , CSULB CSULB California State University at Long Beach . We are greatly indebted to BrettShepardson who kindly provided the digitized topographic data for RapaNui and the results from his recent island-wide inventory of 702statues. References ALLAN, J.A. & T.S. RICHARDS. 1983. Use of satellite imagery inarchaeological surveys. Annual Report for Libyan Studies 14: 4-8. CUSTER, J.F. 1986. Application of LANDSAT data and synoptic syn��op��tic? also syn��op��ti��caladj.1. Of or constituting a synopsis; presenting a summary of the principal parts or a general view of the whole.2. a. 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Hunt (2) (1) Department of Anthropology, California State University LongBeach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA (Email:clipo@csulb.edu) (2) Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii-Manoa, 2424Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822, USA