Long distance exchange in the Central European Neolithic: Hungary to the Baltic.

Long distance exchange in the Central European Neolithic: Hungary to the Baltic. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Introduction Our understanding of the transition from the Mesolithic to theNeolithic in the western Baltic has benefitted from recent research onsites in Denmark and northern Germany Northern Germany is the geographic area in the north of Germany. The native German concept of northern Germany is called Norddeutschland. Northern German StatesNorddeutschland is the geographic area of five German states: Bremen Hamburg (e.g. Harff & Luth 2007). Inthe fifth millennium, coastal and lake shore sites indicate intensiveuse of marine and freshwater resources. Around 4200-4100 cal BC thefirst sheep, goat and cattle were introduced in north-western Germany(Hartz et al. 2007) and this was accompanied by new elements of materialculture including pottery of the Funnel Beaker culture Beaker cultureLate Neolithic and early Bronze Age culture of northern and western Europe. The people are known for a group of distinctive bell-shaped earthenware beakers decorated with toothed stamps, probably used in rituals of consumption. (hereafter In the future.The term hereafter is always used to indicate a future time—to the exclusion of both the past and present—in legal documents, statutes, and other similar papers. FBC See fully buzzword compliant. ;also known as Trichterbecher or TRB TRB Transportation Research BoardTRB Technical Review BoardTRB Teacher Registration BoardTRB Test Review BoardTRB Total Relationship BalanceTRB Tap-Rack-Bang (shooting procedure)TRB Theodore Roosevelt Building ). By c. 3950 cal BC theseinnovations were introduced to Zealand (Fischer 2002). Towards the east,information on this period of transition has been more limited, but newresults from Pomerania are changing this picture. The onset of theNeolithic in the Baltic area was influenced by regular contacts betweenthe late hunter-fishers and the early farming communities in the south(Fischer 1982, 2003; Klassen 2004; Terberger et al. 2009). Such contactsthen developed further and copper objects began to reach the westernBaltic from south-eastern Europe. This paper examines the contacts between the southern and northernparts of Europe in the late fifth and early fourth millennia BC,focusing in particular on those between the Tisza valley (modern Hungaryand Serbia) and the southern shores of the Baltic (Figure 1). At thistime, the communities of the Baltic shore were essentially stillculturally Mesolithic but receiving pottery and implements from southernparts that were culturally Neolithic or even Copper Age (Figure 2).Thanks to investigations of a site at Dabki in Pomerania, we can open anew window on the local Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, and we go on toexplore the significance of the southern contacts in terms of culturalinfluence, migration and exchange. Transition at Dabki 9 Dabki 9 is located on a former lake shore about 1.5km distant fromthe Baltic Sea Baltic Sea,arm of the Atlantic Ocean, c.163,000 sq mi (422,170 sq km), including the Kattegat strait, its northwestern extension. The ?resund, Store Bælt, and Lille Bælt connect the Baltic Sea with the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits, which lead to the coast in Koszalin district in Pomerania, Poland (Figure3). Excavations in the 1980s encountered a predominantly Mesolithicoccupation layer close to the former lake shore which was rich in stoneartefacts, organic material and pottery fragments (Ilkiewicz 1989). Newexcavations in 2004 used a long trench to revisit re��vis��it?tr.v. re��vis��it��ed, re��vis��it��ing, re��vis��itsTo visit again.n.A second or repeated visit.re the stratification andtaphonomy ta��phon��o��my?n.1. The study of the conditions and processes by which organisms become fossilized.2. The conditions and processes of fossilization. , and to obtain a series of AMS AMS - Andrew Message System dates. The layers close to theformer lake shore were disturbed, but further away from the shore it hasbeen possible to establish a reliable sequence (Kabacifiski et al. 2009;Kabacinski & Terberger in press). Finds at the beginning of the sequence indicate that occupationstarted around 4900 cal BC, and Final Mesolithic material of the fifthmillennium cal BC was present in larger quantities in the layer thatbuilt up (Figure 4, layer 3). This was followed by an Early NeolithicFBC phase which probably started ar around 4200-4000 cal BC (Figure 4,layer 5). The most intensive FBC occupation is indicated by FBC potteryfragments from the top of this occupation layer and they are directlydated to c. 3730 cal BC (Poz-18613: 4955 [+ or -] 35 BP) and c. 3710 calBC (Poz-27412:4920[+ or -]40 BP) (calibration by calpal program:www.calpal.de). One sherd comes from a Funnel Beaker beaker/beak��er/ (bek��er) a glass cup, usually with a lip for pouring, used by chemists and pharmacists. beakera round laboratory vessel of various materials, usually with parallel sides and often with a pouring spout. decorated withsmall knobs under the rim on the inner side of the vessel and iscomparable to early FBC material from Lacko, voiv. Bydgoszcz andFlintbek in Schleswig-Holstein (Klassen 2004:159,333). Numerous fish remains mostly from pike, and bones of beaver, reddeer Red Deer, city, CanadaRed Deer,city (1991 pop. 58,134), S central Alta., Canada, on the Red Deer River. It developed as a trade and service center for a region of dairying and mixed farming. and wild boar demonstrate a hunter-gatherer-fisher economy for thefinal Mesolithic period Mesolithic period(mĕz'əlĭth`ĭk)or Middle Stone Age,period in human development between the end of the Paleolithic period and the beginning of the Neolithic period. . In contrast to earlier ideas (Ilkiewicz 1989;Zvelebil 1998) no undisputable remains of domesticates were present. Apossible early cattle bone dates to c. 4240 cal BC but has to be testedby palaeogenetic analyses (Bollongino et al. 2005; Kabacinski et al.2009). More than 20 T-shaped antler antler:see horn. axes were found. Local pottery, inthe form of vessels with pointed bottoms and bowls (lamps), emergesaround 4700 cal BC (Poz-10438:5750[+ or -]40 BP) (Figure 4, layer 3) andvessel types and ornamentation ornamentationIn music, the addition of notes for expressive and aesthetic purposes. For example, a long note may be ornamented by repetition or by alternation with a neighboring note (“trill”); a skip to a nonadjacent note can be filled in with the intervening become more varied from c. 4500 cal BC(Kabacinski & Terberger in press). This early pottery reflectsrelations with the western Ertebolle culture and the easternZedmar/Narva culture. A perforated stone axe (Ilkiewicz 1989) suggeststhat contacts existed with Neolithic communities of the lower Oderregion in the late fifth millennium cal BC (Terberger et al. 2009). Someextraneous ex��tra��ne��ous?adj.1. Not constituting a vital element or part.2. Inessential or unrelated to the topic or matter at hand; irrelevant. See Synonyms at irrelevant.3. pottery sherds also indicate increasing contacts withNeolithic communities in the Vistula and Oder region at this time(Kabacinski & Terberger in press). The results from Dabki 9 indicate on the one hand that thetransition to the Early Neolithic on the Pomeranian coast occurred atabout the same time as on the western Baltic Sea coast (Hartz et al.2007; Terberger & Kabacinski 2010) and on the other hand that theintroduction of pottery production in the Baltic Sea region owessomething to eastern influences (Hallgren 2004; Klassen 2004:111;Kabacinski & Terberger in press). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Contacts with southern Neolithic communities Dabki 9 has so far produced eight pottery sherds (one in the 1980s[Ilkiewicz 1989: fig. 8.2]; the others from a limited area close to theformer lake shore) that can be recognised from their distinctivedecoration as originating in the Bodrogkeresztur culture of the Tiszavalley (modern Hungary, Figure 1). Examples of Bodrogkeresztur potteryare illustrated in Figure 5, and of the Dabki 9 sherds in Figures 6-8. All fragments of Bodrogkeresztur culture pottery from Dabki comefrom well-fired vessels of high quality. Matt-black smooth wallsindicate a high firing temperature of c. 800-1000[degrees]C in areductive re��duc��tive?adj.1. Of or relating to reduction.2. Relating to, being an instance of, or exhibiting reductionism.3. Relating to or being an instance of reductivism. atmosphere (with limited air access, see Gheorghiu 2006,2007). The fabric was very well prepared from homogenous homogenous - homogeneous clay, with asubstantial amount of finegrained sand. The resulting vessels are hardand resistant to high temperatures during use. Walls are thin (5-8mm),even, smooth on the surface and formed from very wide flat bands ofclay. The fabric is typical for the Bodrogkeresztur culture in its hometerritory (see Bognar-Kutzian 1963; Patay 1975). It differs considerablyfrom the fabric of the coarser locally made FBC vessels. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] The Dabki 9 assemblage assemblage:see collage. assemblageThree-dimensional construction made from household materials such as rope and newspapers or from any found materials. includes sherds from a cup (Figure 6.1) andthree milk jugs (Figure 6.2-4). The cup is parallelled in Hungary,appearing in Phase B of the Bodrogkeresztur culture and in theHunyadi-halom culture: Tiszakeszi-Faykert (Patay 1975: Tafel 12.1),Erd-Erdliget (Patay 1975: Tafel 12.4), Magyarhomorog-Konyadomb (Patay2008: Abb. 4.2) and Tiszadob-Borziktanya (Patay 1975: Tarel 12.2) (hereFigure 5.2-3). The milk jugs, typical for the Bodrogkeresztur culture(Patay 1975, 2008), are known from both funerary fu��ner��ar��y?adj.Of or suitable for a funeral or burial.[Latin fner and settlement sites,e.g. Tiszapolgar-Basatanya (Bognar-Kutzian 1963), Medzibodrozie (Novotny1958: tabs. 43.1-2.4) and Tiszakeszi-Faykert (Patay 1975: Tafel 7.8;1978: Tafeln 1-17) (here Figure 5.4). All the pottery fragments from Dabki are decorated in two mainschemes; the first either engraved en��grave?tr.v. en��graved, en��grav��ing, en��graves1. To carve, cut, or etch into a material: engraved the champion's name on the trophy.2. (Figure 6.3) or made withFurchenstich technique (Figure 6.4), composed in chequered chequeredor US checkeredAdjective1. marked by varied fortunes: a chequered career2. marked with alternating squares of colourAdj. 1. patternsfilling rhomboid rhomboid/rhom��boid/ (rom��boid) [Gr. rhombos rhomb +-oid ] having a shape similar to a rectangle that has been skewed to one side so that the angles are oblique. fields separated by plain narrow stripes (Figures 6.3-4& 7.2). In the Bodrogkeresztur culture this is a very commondecorative method applied to various forms of vessels (Patay 1975: e.g.Tafeln 7.8, 9.13 & 12.5) found on many sites in Hungary (Patay 1975:Tafeln 12.5 & 10.7; 2002: figs. 2-4), Slovakia (Novotny 1958: tab.41.1) and Poland (see below). [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] The second scheme is represented by narrow stripes of Furchenstich(Figures 6.1-2, 6.4, 7 & 8). The Furchenstich (stitched groove)technique is well known in the Carpathian basin. Examples of this kindof decoration can be found at several Hungarian Bodrogkeresztur sites(Patay 2002: figs. 2.5 & 3.2; 2008: Abb. 1.4). In Poland, apart fromthe Dabki finds, one Furchenstich fragment is known from Janowek(Wojciechowski 1972: 270). The Bodrogkeresztur pottery from Dabki can be dated toBodrogkeresztur B (c. 3850-3700 cal BC) and to the beginning of theHunyadi-halom culture (c. 3800-3600/3500 cal BC; Raczky 1995; Patay2005: 131-2; see Figure 2). Ar that time in the Tisza basin, strongstylistic influences from the Transdanubian Bajc-Retz group becamevisible (3800-3350 cal BC; Stadler 1999). These imports are probablycontemporary at Dabki with the independently-dated FBC sherds (seeabove). However, new AMS-dates for the cemetery ofRakoczifalva-Bagifoldon suggest an earlier start of the Bodrogkereszturculture (Csanyi et al. 2009) and we do not want to rule out a somewhatearlier dating for the Dabki 9 imports. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] Pottery and copper objects of the Bodrogkeresztur culture in Poland Elements of Bodrogkeresztur culture, which developed in Alfold,Transylvania, northern Serbia and eastern Slovakia, reached severalareas further north in the fourth millennium BC (Figure 1). They reflectthe intensive multi-directional contacts of the inhabitants :This article is about the video game. For Inhabitants of housing, see Residency Inhabitants is an independently developed commercial puzzle game created by S+F Software. DetailsThe game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. of the Tiszabasin at that time. The influence of the Bodrogkeresztur culture inPoland is well documented (Kozlowski 2006) and is visible in the Polgargroups in Lesser Poland For other uses, see Little Poland (disambiguation).Lesser Poland (also "Little Poland", Polish: Małopolska, Latin: Polonia Minor) is one of the historical regions of Poland. It forms the southernmost part of the country. , particularly the Wyciaze-Zlotniki group, in theLengyel culture The Lengyel culture, ca. 5000–4000 BC, was an archaeological culture located in the area of modern-day southern Moravia, western Slovakia, western Hungary, parts of southern Poland, and in adjacent sections of Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia. , such as the Jordanow group in Lower Silesia ''This article is about the historical region. For the Polish administrative region see Lower Silesian Voivodeship. For the former Prussian province see Province of Lower Silesia. , the LateLengyel Ocice group in Upper Silesia Upper SilesiaSee Silesia. , the Brzesc Kujawski group of theLengyel culture in the Polish Lowlands, and finally in theLublin-Volhynia culture (Patay 1963; Kozlowski 1968, 1971, 2006;Wojciechowski 1972; Kaczanowska 1986; Kamienska & Kozlowski 1990;Kadrow 1992: ryc. 7; Kadrow & Zakoscielna 2000; Kadrow et al. 2003;Nowak 2009:137). [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] Copper objects were also reaching northern European peoples in theearly fourth millennium BC. Seven copper axes of the Bodrogkereszturculture (Patay 1984; Gedl 2004) have so far been discovered in Poland.Four of them (all stray finds) are of the Jaszladany type: from Starczowin Lower Silesia (Wojciechowski 1972), Koniecmosty in Lesser Poland(Kaczanowska 2009), and from Krzeszyce, Antonin and Radojewice in theLowlands (Gedl 2004; Leczycki 2005) (Figures 1 & 9). To the west,other copper objects of the Bodrogkeresztur culture can be mentioned,among them an axe of Jaszladany type from Steinhagen,Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Kersten 1958: 28; Klassen 2000:121, 2004:69& 425). Artefacts of this type appear in Bodrogkeresztur cemeteriesin Hungary, e.g. from Grave 18 in Jaszladany and from a few burials inMagyarhomorog-Konyadomb. The axes of the Jaszladany type can be dated toc. 4000-3700 cal BC (Klassen 2000: 120, 2004: 72). From the territory ofKuyavia there are two other Bodrogkeresztur copper axes known (Cresturtype from Pakosc and Siria type from the area of the Gopto Lake:Czerniak 1980:89-91 & ryc. 37; Leczycki 2005). An unusual copper axefrom Szczecin-Smierdnica was probably not imported from theBodrogkeresztur culture (Klassen 2000: 143; Gedl 2004: 24). This iscorroborated cor��rob��o��rate?tr.v. cor��rob��o��rat��ed, cor��rob��o��rat��ing, cor��rob��o��ratesTo strengthen or support with other evidence; make more certain. See Synonyms at confirm. by a copper Knaufhammeraxt from Scania, which was importedfrom the eastern Alpine Mondsee group (c. 3800-3500 cal BC; Klassen2000: 146, 2004: 72). A flat copper axe found at Pantelitz close toStralsund probably indicates the start of local metalworking in thenorth at that time (Lutz et al. 1997: 47). More intensive use of copperand a deeper impact on society is proposed from c. 3350 cal BC on forElbe-Saale region (Muller 2001 : 416). [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] A sole example of an obsidian arrowhead--a type fashioned by flatretouching, triangular in shape, and frequently found in graves--wasfound in a grave of the Lublin-Volhynia culture from Zlota nearSandomierz (Kaczanowska 1980). Discussion Exchange networks were already operating in the northern Mesolithic(e.g. Fischer 2003) and an increasing number of imported stone axes markthe final Mesolithic phase around 4500-4100 cal BC (Klassen 2004:101;Terberger et al. 2009). The Mesolithic communities in the north weremostly interested in Neolithic perforated amphibolite amphiboliteIgneous or metamorphic rock composed largely or dominantly of amphibole minerals. For igneous rocks, the term hornblendite is usually used and is more restrictive; hornblende is the most common amphibole. axes, whilepointed butted axes made of exotic western Alpine rock material such asjadeite jadeite:see jade. jadeiteGem-quality silicate mineral in the pyroxene family that is one of the two forms of jade. Jadeite (imperial jade), sodium aluminum silicate (NaAlSi2O6 were reaching southern Scandinavia and the lower Oder region inthe late fifth millennium cal BC (Klassen 2004: 83; Hovorka et al.2008). In the early fourth millennium BC, early Neolithic people in thenorth participated in increasingly supra-regional exchange networks. [FIGURE 8 OMITTED] The first metal objects from the south-east appeared in NeolithicBrzesc Kujawski group burials (Grygie12008). A single axe of Plocniktype from Bulow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, represents an early massivecopper tool in the north that on typological grounds can be linked tothe Ertebolle period (Lutz et al. 1997: 45; Klassen 2000: 121,2004: 69).The distribution of the massive copper tools might be interpreted as theresult of a 'down-the line-exchange'. Bur the context of thecopper objects in the north indicates a prestigious role for the finds. Purpose of the imports Until very recently the influence of the Bodrogkeresztur culturewas believed to have terminated in the southern part of Poland (cf.Kaczanowska & Kozlowski 2005; Koztowski 2006), as Bodrogkereszturimports only reached sites as far as Kuyavia (Leczycki 2005). Thediscoveries from Dabki shift these limits up to the Baltic Sea. Whileimported copper tools in the north are present as single finds or inhoards (Klassen 2000), the Bodrogkeresztur pottery was connected withactivities on a FBC settlement. [FIGURE 9 OMITTED] The number of FBC finds so far detected at Dabki 9 does notindicate a very intensive use of the lake shore site. How can we explainthe presence of these exotic Bodrogkeresztur pottery vessels? Researchon the FBC has a long tradition, so the absence of such imported sherdson most FBC sites is difficult to explain by lack of research. It seemsplausible to interpret Dabki 9 as a site of special function and the FBCsettlement could be more extended and important than so far revealed byour excavations. The number of fragments and the limited distribution suggest thatcomplete vessels were arriving at Dabki 9. The pots were of the bestquality and probably represented prestigious objects of high socialvalue in the FBC environment. At the same time they might have beencontainers for special objects or food and it is possible that suchvessels were used in ritual activities. The decorated drinking cup(Figure 8) supports this interpretation. Modes of transport For the fourth millennium, wheeled vehicles are proven from Hungaryand further north (e.g. Bakker et al. 1999; Vosteen 1999; Fansa 2004;Sherratt 2004). A decoration on a Funnel Beaker from Bronocice, southernPoland, proves the use of four-wheeled vehicles in Central Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. In addition, Northern, Southern and Southeastern Europe may variously delimit or overlap into Central Europe. in themid fourth millennium cal BC (Milisauskas & Kruk 1982; Kruk 2008).Two clay models of wheeled wagons from Radosina (Slovakia; Pavuk 1981:74) and Balatonlelle (western Hungary; Ecsedy 1982) date to about thesame period (c. 3650-3350 cal BC; Furholt 2008). But for the momentthere is no reliable evidence that wheeled vehicles were available inCentral Europe in the early fourth millennium cal BC. The use ofwater-craft was probably more relevant for trade and long distancetravel. In 2002 a dugout dugout:see canoe. canoe was excavated at Stralsund, north-easternGermany (Kaute et al. 2004). The find is dated to c. 3850 cal BC (Lubke2004) and demonstrates the use of 12m-long canoes in the early FBC. Thetrading route from the Bodrogkeresztur homeland probably followed themajor river systems to the Baltic Sea. Goods for exchange The nature of (Neolithic) trade is the subject of a long debate butexchange networks were surely of economic and social relevance. TheBodrogkeresztur pottery might have arrived at Dabki 9 through giftexchange: 'the prestige chain' (Renfrew 1972; Stjernquist1985). Goods have moved along rivers through small-scale trade untilearly modern times and the origin of objects is not necessarilyremembered (Eggert 1991). But we should not underestimate the role oflong distance expeditions by individuals from the north in order toobtain valuable or prestigious objects (Stjernquist 1985; Klassen 2004:256). Considering that Bodrogkeresztur communities were probably verymobile, it also cannot be completely ruled out that imports at Dabkimark a penetration of Bodrogkeresztur people into the Baltic coastalregion. However there were a number of desirable commodities available inthe north--sometimes difficult to trace in the archaeologicalrecord--such as furs, forest products and amber (Zvelebil 1998:18). Somenatural and worked pieces of amber indicate a small workshop at Dabki 9.Amber is increasingly used in the FBC for personal ornaments and largevotive vo��tive?adj.1. Given or dedicated in fulfillment of a vow or pledge: a votive offering.2. offerings from Jutland indicate the increasing value of thematerial (Midgley 1992: 290). Amber beads are sometimes present in FBCgraves of Little Poland Little Poland may refer to: Lesser Poland, an historical region of Poland Little Poland, Brooklyn, an informal name for a neighborhood of Greenpoint, Brooklyn Lesser Poland Voivodeship (Polish: Malopolska), an administrative region of southern Poland (Cmielow: Wislanski 1979: 244) and south-easternPoland (e.g. Las Stocki and Gutanow: Gajewski 1949: 74; Klementowice:Uzarowiczowa 1968: 297). A large amber deposition (400-500kg) wasdetected close to a FBC site near Wroclaw (Jazdzewski 1936: 305), butthe Neolithic context of the find might be questioned. Depositions ofamber from southern Poland weighing up to 600kg are normally related tothe Bronze Age Bronze Age,period in the development of technology when metals were first used regularly in the manufacture of tools and weapons. Pure copper and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, were used indiscriminately at first; this early period is sometimes called the and Iron Age and not to the Neolithic period Neolithic periodor New Stone Age.The term neolithic is used, especially in archaeology and anthropology, to designate a stage of cultural evolution or technological development characterized by the use of stone tools, the existence of (Stahl 2006:13). At that time western Jutland and the Kaliningrad region were themain amber suppliers and not Pomerania. In short, the role of amber inFBC trade should not be overestimated. The new evidence for long distance trade corresponds toobservations further west where stone axes and pottery decoration of theearly FBC Volling group in Jutland are interpreted as direct influencefrom southern Central Europe (Klassen 2000:264 ff.; 2004: 107 &201). It is a task of future research to characterise the nature of suchlong distance contacts between south and north some 5800 years ago. Conclusion All the imports discussed reflect an increasing influence ofsouthern farmers on late Mesolithic and early FBC groups and suchcontacts certainly supported the adoption of farming in the coastalregions. There is no indication, however, that the objects wereconnected to new methods of procuring food. The latehunter-gatherer-fishers were interested in them as prestigious objects.The new Dabki 9 finds considerably extend the variability and characterof long distance imports in the period c. 4000 to 3500 cal BC and forthe first time they prove the transport of fragile pottery vessels overa distance of some 1000km in the FBC. They lead us to expect anorganised transportation system, predominately by water in pursuit ofprestige and perhaps reciprocal exchange. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Prof. Pal Raczky for his support in theidentification of the Bodrogkeresztur pottery and Dr Lutz Klassen, DrDieter Kaufmann & Dr Svend Hansen for helpful information on thesubject. We owe J. Ilkiewicz and the excavation team excellent fieldseasons and we would like to thank the Polish Ministry of Science andEducation (grant no. 1 H01H 013 29, 2005-2008) and DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft (grant TE 259/4-1, since 2009) for financialsupport. Finally we would like to thank our two anonymous referees fortheir helpful comments and especially Martin Carver Martin Oswald Hugh Carver FSA BSc (London), Dip.Archaeol. (Durham), MIFA, is Professor of Archaeology at the University of York, England, and director of the Sutton Hoo Research Project and a leading exponent of new methods in excavation and survey. for his editing andsupport. Received: 24 February 2010: Accepted: 3 July 2010; Revised: 23 July2010 References BAKKER, J.A., J. KRUK, A.E. LANTING & S. 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