Joseph Burn and Raffle's plan for a British Borneo.

Joseph Burn and Raffle's plan for a British Borneo. Early in 1811, "J. Burn" sent lengthy letters fromPontianak to Thomas Stamford Raffles “Raffles” redirects here. For other uses, see Raffles (disambiguation).Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (July 6, 1781 – July 5, 1826) was the founder of the city of Singapore (now the Republic of Singapore), and is one of the most famous Britons who in Malacca that are preserved inthe British Library British Library,national library of Great Britain, located in London. Long a part of the British Museum, the library collection originated in 1753 when the government purchased the Harleian Library, the library of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, and groups of manuscripts. , London, as part of the Raffles Collection. (1)Raffles was at that time stationed in Malacca as "Agent to theGovernor-General with the Malay States Malay States:see Malaysia. ," appointed by Lord Minto,Governor-General of India The Governor-General of India (fully Governor-General and Viceroy of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and later, after Indian independence, the representative of the British Monarch. for the English East India Company, and hisduties involved taking steps to help protect British shipping in theregion and planning the forthcoming British invasion British InvasionMusical movement. In the mid 1960s the popularity of a number of British rock-and-roll (“beat”) groups spread rapidly to the U.S., beginning with the triumphant arrival of Liverpool's Beatles in New York in 1964 and continuing with the Rolling of Java. WithMinto's support, Raffles developed a strong interest in thecommercial possibilities of Borneo, an island whose inhabitants :This article is about the video game. For Inhabitants of housing, see Residency Inhabitants is an independently developed commercial puzzle game created by S+F Software. DetailsThe game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. andresources were still largely unknown to Europeans. The English had soon followed the Dutch to the East Indies East Indies,name formerly used for the Malay Archipelago, but also more restrictively for Indonesia and more widely to include SE Asia. It once referred chiefly to India. andestablished "factories" or trading posts Trading postsThe positions on the floor of a stock exchange where the specialists stand and securities are traded. first at Sukadanaearly in 1613, at Sambas in 1614, and at Banjarmasin in 1615 and againin 1639, but these were all short-lived. Another abortive abortive/abor��tive/ (ah-bor��tiv)1. incompletely developed.2. abortifacient (1).3. cutting short the course of a disease.a��bor��tiveadj.1. attempt wasmade to found a factory at Sukadana in 1693-1694. Banjarmasin receivedmore determined attention in the first quarter of the 18th century andagain from 1738-1749; these initiatives failed respectively because ofthe behavior of the factors (traders) and interference by the Dutch. TheEnglish East India Company's most ambitious venture, the settlementat the island of Balembangan off the northeast coast in 1773, was anignominious ig��no��min��i��ous?adj.1. Marked by shame or disgrace: "It was an ignominious end ... as a desperate mutiny by a handful of soldiers blossomed into full-scale revolt"Angus Deming. failure. (2) As putative Lieutenant-Governor of Java,Raffles was intent on opening up the whole of Borneo to British tradinginterests now that Dutch power in the area had receded, but his firstneed was for reliable, first-hand information about commodities whichmight be profitably exploited. Borneo's reputed wealth in gold anddiamonds, together with jungle produce such as camphor camphor(kăm`fər), C10H16O, white, crystalline solid ketone with a characteristic pungent odor and taste. It melts at 176°C; and boils at 204°C;. , meant that itwas a high priority. At the same time, he was anxious for goodintelligence about piratical marauders whose activities wereincreasingly placing passing British ships at risk now that the Dutchnaval presence off Borneo had been withdrawn. Raffles was determined tobring some measure of control over Borneo's pirate-infestedcoasts--preferably through diplomacy with the various Malay rulers The Rulers of the Malay States in Malaysia are the seven Sultans of Kedah, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Selangor and Johor, the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan and the Raja of Perlis. , butby means of the Company's men-of-war or the Royal Navy if need be.Regarding Pontianak, Banjarmasin and Brunei as the island'sprincipal trading ports, he was concerned to reduce the power of Sambaswhere the Sultan's co-operation with piratical raiders had made ita threat to Pontianak, which he saw as the natural emporium for theChinese goldminers of Monterado. Captain Joseph Burn Raffles's correspondent "J. Burn" was Captain JosephBurn, a country trader who first visited Pontianak from Madras Madras.1 State and former province, India: see Tamil Nadu.2 City, India: see Chennai. late in1806 during a voyage of the General Wellesley that was to cause manycivil actions in Penang. (3) He sold cargo (mainly textiles) to SultanAbdul Rahman al-Kadri of Pontianak and then proceeded on his way toSulu. Little cargo was sold there and the ship returned via Macassar toPontianak. Before arriving there it ran aground a��ground?adv. & adj.1. Onto or on a shore, reef, or the bottom of a body of water: a ship that ran aground; a ship aground offshore.2. on a shoal off theKarimata Islands The Karimata Islands are a chain of small islands off the west coast of Indonesian Borneo, the largest of which is (Pulau) Karimata, being about 20 km across (east-west), and situated at . , but was refloated with very little damage. (4) Burnleft the ship at Pontianak to dispose of To determine the fate of; to exercise the power of control over; to fix the condition, application, employment, etc. of; to direct or assign for a use.See also: Dispose more cargo. However, the Sultanconfiscated con��fis��cate?tr.v. con��fis��cat��ed, con��fis��cat��ing, con��fis��cates1. To seize (private property) for the public treasury.2. To seize by or as if by authority. See Synonyms at appropriate.adj. this and refused to pay. Burn apparently stayed there untilabout June 1808, apart from a trip back to Penang in mid-1807. He wascertainly in Pontianak in February 1808 when--as stated in a letter toRaffles--Sultan Abdul Rahman on his deathbed asked him for forgivenessfor cheating him of the cargo. Back in Penang in July 1808, Burn wassued for illegally disposing of part of the remaining cargo after theGeneral Wellesley had returned to Penang in October 1806, commanded byBurns partner, Captain David Dalrymple David Dalrymple can refer to the following people: Sir David Dalrymple, 1st Baronet (1665-1721) David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes (1726-1792), baronet and Lord Advocate . The latter was in fact theperson responsible but was out of reach of the law, having left in theGeneral Wellesley for the South Seas South Seas,name given by early explorers to the whole of the Pacific Ocean. In recent times the name has been used to mean only the central Pacific, the S Pacific, and the SW Pacific. , where he later died. Burn wasbriefly jailed as a debtor but was released after handing over to hiscreditor bonds for personal cargo in Pontianak and, as security, onefrom the Sultan that related to cargo belonging to a major stake-holderin the voyage, Thomas Parry Thomas Parry may refer to more than one person: Sir Thomas Parry, Comptroller of the Household to Elizabeth I of England Sir Thomas Parry, English Ambassador to France under Elizabeth I and James I of England of Madras. It is reasonable to surmise thatBurn soon returned to Pontianak to avoid possible entanglement infurther civil actions. These duly eventuated when the General Wellesleyfinally returned to Penang from China in December 1809 and wassequestered se��ques��ter?v. se��ques��tered, se��ques��ter��ing, se��ques��tersv.tr.1. To cause to withdraw into seclusion.2. To remove or set apart; segregate. See Synonyms at isolate.3. . Vying for proceeds from its sale and other assets other assetsAssets of relatively small value. For financial reporting purposes, firms frequently combine small assets into a single category rather than listing each item separately. ofDalrymple's estate, the numerous mortgage-holders and creditorssued each other and John Hewitt John Hewitt is the name of: John Harold Hewitt, poet from Northern Ireland John Hewitt (tax preparation entrepreneur) John Hewitt (herpetologist) John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt, linguist John Hewitt (footballer) , Penang Court Registrar andAdministrator of the estate in numerous cases. Burn was both a defendantand plaintiff and unfortunately how the outcomes impinged on him is notknown because available records are incomplete. (5) Nevertheless, thereis no evidence that he appeared in Penang for the trials and there issome evidence to the contrary: the Prince of Wales Island Prince of Wales Island, CanadaPrince of Wales Island,c.12,800 sq mi (33,150 sq km), Nunavut Territory, Canada, between Victoria and Somerset islands. Gazette,correcting an earlier report of Burn's death, noted on 30 June 1810that he was "in perfect health" in Pontianak. Although it has been suggested that Burn was sent to Pontianak byRaffles as his representative, (6) the (apparent) end of the courtproceedings as given above is sufficiently close to the dates ofBurn's letters to Raffles to suggest that he was already residingin Pontianak in a private capacity. Nor is there any evidence that hisappointment was of an official nature, although Burn may well havestyled himself "British Commercial Agent." The first pages ofBurn's first letter of 12 February refer to receipt of a letterfrom Raffles, carried by Captain Lambert, another country trader, andare couched more in terms of a response to a personal request forinformation rather than a letter sent as an official communication tothe East India Company. Perhaps Burn was associated with the merchantAlexander Hare, then based at Malacca, as suggested by Gibson-Hill. (7)Alternatively, perhaps he was employed by Sultan Kassim al-Kadri, SultanAbdul Rahman's successor, who was later said by John Leyden John Leyden (September 8, 1775 - August 28, 1811) was a British orientalist. BiographyLeyden was born at Denholm on the River Teviot, not far from Hawick. His father, a shepherd, had contrived to send him to Edinburgh University to study for the ministry. to beBurn's "principal associate." In fact, it is not clearthat Raffles, who was reporting directly to Lord Minto, could haveappointed him to a position in Borneo prior to the invasion of Java, asany such appointment ought to have come under the authority of theGovernment in Penang. As late as October 1812 the Penang Government wrote to SultanKassim in Pontianak on behalf of Thomas Parry in Madras. It said thatBurn had disposed of Parry's cargo in 1807 with no cash return toParry and that since then Burn had been living in Pontianak (i.e., therewas no reference to the court case in 1808). It asked if Burn hadreceived the proceeds. Also, what were the "circumstances thatrendered it necessary" for him to live in Pontianak? The Sultanshould be aware of "the impropriety of countenancing theresidence" of Burn. (8) No reply has been found. Parry wouldprobably have written to Penang in mid-1812 and this letter from Penangsuggests that the Government officials there still considered Burn to beof bad character. Raffles apparently had a different opinion, though hewould have been well aware of the court proceedings and had probably metBurn in Penang in 1808. Apart from supplying the information in theletters, Burn helped Raffles in April-May 1811 by assisting in a surveyof the coast of West Borneo, the preferred route for the Britishinvasion fleet. (9) By September 1812 he had moved on from Pontianak,and was commanding the Olivia, a brig owned by Alexander Hare andchartered as a supply vessel by the Government of Java. In this capacityhe assisted in the aftermath of the plundering of the disabledCoromandel Cor`o`man´deln. 1. (Geol.) The west coast, or a portion of the west coast, of the Bay of Bengal.Coromandel gooseberrySee Carambola.Coromandel woodCalamander wood. in the Karimata Islands by the piratical Pangeran Anom ofSambas and eventually moved on to Kupang, Timor, where he died asResident in 1814 or 1815. This last appointment--presumably arranged byRaffles as Lieutenant-Governor in Java--shows that his earliertransgressions had been forgiven. Burn's Letters: An Overview Located as he was at Pontianak, the estuary estuary(ĕs`chĕr'ē), partially enclosed coastal body of water, having an open connection with the ocean, where freshwater from inland is mixed with saltwater from the sea. of the mightyAmazon-like Kapuas which wound its way down westward more than athousand kilometers from the interior of Borneo, Burn was well-placed tocollect information about its population and resources. He was evidentlyon intimate terms with Sultan Kassim al-Kadri (for whom he may haveacted as a kind of private secretary in order to provide some income)and was able to use this friendship to gain access to the manyPontianak-based traders who plied plied?1?v.Past tense and past participle of ply1. the vast waterway waterway,natural or artificial navigable inland body of water, or system of interconnected bodies of water, used for transportation, may include a lake, river, canal, or any combination of these. . Once Burn was awareof his project, Burn told Raffles in March 1811, the Sultan had"sent for every person he thinks can be of service and strictlylays them under strenuous injunctions to adhere strictly to the truth..." Dismissing the Malays and Bugis as unreliable informantsexcept for basic commodity prices and prone to repeat the tallest oftall stories ("their intelligence is rather circumscribed circumscribed/cir��cum��scribed/ (serk��um-skribd) bounded or limited; confined to a limited space. cir��cum��scribedadj.Bounded by a line; limited or confined. ," henoted tartly), Burn focused on the Arab traders who had gathered aroundthe sultanate since its establishment by the Arab adventurer, SyedSharif sha��rif?n.Variant of sherif. Abdul Rahman al-Kadri, with Bugis and Dutch assistance in 1770.He had been impressed not only by their practical knowledge ascommercial entrepreneurs but also by their intelligence. No doubt he sawthem as most closely approximating to Europeans in their physicalappearance and way of life as men of commerce. In some cases, he noted,they had actually recorded their observations in the interior. Indeed,they were "vain" to communicate what they knew, "as theyimagine their name will be made conspicuous elsewhere." The Sultanhimself kept a book in which he had recorded the dates of the earliestPortuguese and Dutch settlements Dutch Settlement is a community in the Southwest Branch Musquodoboit. Other Communites in this Branch include; Chaswood, Cooksbrook, Carrolls Corner. Located in the far corner of the Musquodoboit Valley within the Halifax Regional Municipality Nova Scotia on the Shubenacadie River, in Borneo which he had evidentlyobtained in Batavia from Dutch records. The enterprise and tenacity ofthe Chinese obviously impressed Burn, but he had a poor opinion of theirtechnological skills and regarded them as "of the worst class"and "a low thieving set." One of these Arab traders was Sheikh sheikhor shaykhAmong Arabic-speaking tribes, especially Bedouin, the male head of the family, as well as of each successively larger social unit making up the tribal structure. The sheikh is generally assisted by an informal tribal council of male elders. Osman, who had resided inBorneo for more than twenty-five years and had actually settled not farfrom the town of Sanggau where the gold-rich Sekayam River flowed intothe Kapuas. It was probably after the former's return to Pontianakin March 1811 that Burn was able to produce two essays entitled"The Foundation and Establishment of Pontiana" and"Anecdotes of Pontiana," together with a comprehensive anddetailed account of the various upriver negeri which added substantiallyto the information he had provided Raffles in his initial letter of 12February. From the information provided by Sheikh Osman and otherinformants, including a certain Syed Abdillah, it is clear that Burnpursued his questioning in systematic categories: geographical location,name of ruler, population size and ethnic breakdown, commercialproduction and potential together with tax income, and politicalrelations with the now dominant state of Pontianak. At the same time,his interests were not exclusively economic. His careful descriptions ofbirds and animals reveal a man who was fascinated by the exoticdiversity of the tropical environment in which he found himself. He alsorevealed a keen interest in anthropology, notably in the jungle-dwellingPunan whom he linked with the Batak people of Sumatra and those of theAndaman Islands An��da��man Islands?A group of islands in the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal south of Myanmar (Burma). They are separated from the Malay Peninsula by the Andaman Sea, . Whether he believed the popular stories about orangutan seizing and making off with native women is not absolutely clearbut he seems to have been properly sceptical. On the other hand, it waswith some satisfaction that he related his own pet orang utan'snear-fatal revenge on its Chinese tormentor. Burn's account is notable for being the first we have of themiddle and upper Kapuas until the descriptions by officials of the Dutchcolonial government. (10) Burn described the settlements from Tayan asfar as Selimbau, above which he believed there were none "of anyconsequence." This omission of negeri further upriver was probablydue their insignificance in��sig��nif��i��cance?n.The quality or state of being insignificant.Noun 1. insignificance - the quality of having little or no significanceunimportance - the quality of not being important or worthy of note as trading centers and his informants'lack of knowledge. Consequently, he omitted Piasa and Jongkong (known asUlak Lamau until 1868), and of course Bunut which was not founded until1815. The principal ones he dealt with were Sanggau, where,significantly, Syed Abdul Rahman had originally intended to settle, andSintang, which was "of much importance and is supposed to be a veryold settlement." His final section dealt with Landak, anold-established state which was relatively close (six days' paddle)to Pontianak in the Kapuas delta and which the Sultan himself hadvisited on a number of occasions, despite the reputation of its peopleas great poisoners. Landak's proximity to the coast and its greatwealth in gold and diamonds had meant that its Sultan had been able toexchange his subordination to the Sultan of Sukadana and Matan (theancient kingdom destroyed by the Dutch with the assistance of Syed AbdulRahman in 1786) for the suzerainty su��ze��rain��ty?n. pl. su��ze��rain��tiesThe power or domain of a suzerain.Noun 1. suzerainty - the position or authority of a suzerain; "under the suzerainty of... and protection of the Sultan ofBantam BantamFormer city and sultanate, Java. It was located at the western end of Java between the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean. In the early 16th century it became a powerful Muslim sultanate, which extended its control over parts of Sumatra and Borneo. in Java. In 1811, the Dutch still had nominal political authorityover Landak but had taken no steps to assert it. Of all the Kapuas states, only gold-rich Sanggau had seriouslychallenged the new dominance of Pontianak but this had been answered inearly 1778 when a force led by Syed Abdul Rahman's ally, Raja AliHaji of Riau, destroyed the town and took away its guns (Matheson andAndaya 1982:155). The substantial gold and padi production of bothSanggau and Sintang meant that their rulers could exercise considerablepolitical leverage and thus preserve some of their old autonomy byprohibiting the export of both commodities, but the fact that these weretheir own principal source of tax income meant that they could notexercise this power indefinitely without damaging their own interests.When it came to warfare, Burn noted that the Malays valued guns more forshow than effect and were generally unskilled in their use.Nevertheless, he urged Europeans not to underestimate the courage andprowess of Malays and Bugis in their fighting prahu pra��hu?n.Variant of proa. , even if they did"prefer treachery TreacherySee also Treason.Aaronplots downfall of Titus. [Br. Lit.: Titus Andronicus]Achitopheltraitorous Earl of Shaftesbury. [Br. Lit. to an open attack when they can put it inpractice." An intriguing aspect of Burn's account of Sanggau is hisreference to a square brick fort built there about 150 years earlier bythe Portuguese, according to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3. Malay records, but long since abandoned.There are no references to Sanggau in Portuguese accounts of theiractivity in Borneo. Portuguese interest would probably have been in goldand diamonds, and there would thus have been good reasons for trying tokeep this secret from European competitors. It seems very unlikely thatan incursion in��cur��sion?n.1. An aggressive entrance into foreign territory; a raid or invasion.2. The act of entering another's territory or domain.3. in the mid-1600s that was substantial enough for a fort tobe built would have escaped the attention of the Dutch or English in theregion, or writers such as the Dutch missionary Valentijn (1726).However, about 100 years earlier there had been a Portuguese expeditionto the Kapuas, led by Dom Manuel de Lima de Lima or d'Lima is a Portuguese surname. It is also a Spanish name meaning 'of Lima'de Lima is either: Ronaldo, Real Madrid and Brazilian footballer Vanderlei de Lima, a Brazilian athlete Augusto de Lima, a Brazilian journalist . This was certainly suppressedfrom Portuguese histories of the period and is recorded only on maps(Smith 2001:40-43). The general picture of the middle and upper Kapuas constructed byBurn from his local informants was of a vast and well-inhabitedhinterland rich in gold, iron ore and jungle produce such as beeswax beeswax:see wax. beeswaxCommercially useful wax secreted by worker honeybees to make the cell walls of the honeycomb. A bee consumes an estimated 6–10 lbs (3–4. andtenkawang oil and with cultivated crops such as cotton and gambier gambier:see catechu. , butalso notable for its production of Dayak-cultivated padi which hadenabled Pontianak to end its dependence on imports from Java. Arab,Chinese, and Bugis traders were evidently extremely active on the riverand were able to supply the salt, cloth, and iron needed by the Dayaks.The political picture is of small Malay Muslim elites exercisingdominance to a greater or lesser extent over populous pop��u��lous?adj.Containing many people or inhabitants; having a large population.[Middle English, from Latin popul tribes of Dayakswho in some cases (notably Sanggau) had married into the ruling dynastyand thereby (although Burn does not suggest this) given it greaterlegitimacy. At the same time, there was little evidence of Dayaks beingconverted to Islam and giving up their pork diet. The most importantsource of Malay dominance was the rulers' monopoly of the tradegoods upon which the Dayaks depended, together with their control overChinese goldminers by means of a royalty system. Burn noted with someemphasis the way in which the Malay rulers of Sambas had beenoverwhelmed o��ver��whelm?tr.v. o��ver��whelmed, o��ver��whelm��ing, o��ver��whelms1. To surge over and submerge; engulf: waves overwhelming the rocky shoreline.2. a. by the Chinese after making too many concessions to them andhow the Sultan of Landak was determined to avoid this fate. Raffles had high hopes for Borneo as a bastion of British influencein the event of Java having to be returned to the Dutch at the end ofthe war in Europe. As the Dutch appeared to have abandoned theirinterest in Borneo before the British invaded Java, it had seemed toRaffles that it was in Britain's strategic interests to establish astrong presence there as quickly as possible. On the basis of theinformation supplied by Burn in various letters and accounts fromPontianak, he was able to tell his superior, Lord Minto, in mid-1811:"The immense island of Borneo, even the shores of which areimperfectly known, contains in its interior a more numerous agriculturalpopulation than has generally been supposed." (11) Outlining itsvarious natural products, he went on to describe it as "not onlyone of the most fertile countries in the world, but the most productivein gold and diamonds." (12) John Leyden, who aspired to be Raffles' secretary when thelatter became Lieutenant-Governor of Java, also brought Burn'sinformation into the public domain when he based his Sketch of Borneolargely upon it. This was written by Leyden between June and August1811, during the voyage of the British invasion fleet from Malacca toJava. Leyden died very soon after arriving in Java and the Sketch wasfirst published in Batavia by Raffles in 1814. It was reprinted by J.H.Moor in a collection of articles about the Indian Archipelago Archipelago(ärkĭpĕl`əgō)[Ital., from Gr.=chief sea], ancient name of the Aegean Sea, later applied to the numerous islands it contains. The word now designates any cluster of islands. publishedin Singapore in 1837, together with John Hunt's somewhat lessreliable "Sketch of Borneo, or Pulo Kalamantan," originallypublished by Raffles at Benkoolen in 1820, which also borrowed fromBurn. Although Bastin (1961:121-22) credited Hunt with beingRaffles's chief informant informantHistorian Medtalk A person who provides a medical history on Borneo, it is clear that Burn'searlier contributions of information were of crucial importance. It canbe seen, then, that Burn was a vital player in Raffles's grand butultimately thwarted scheme--one which James Brooke For the American journalist, see .The Rajah of Sarawak, Sir James Brooke, KCB, LL.D (29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868) was a British statesman. His father Thomas Brooke was English; his mother Anna Maria was born in Hertfordshire, England, the daughter of Scottish peer pledged himself torevive three decades later in the prospectus of his projected voyage toBorneo. (13) Burn's Reports We provide here substantial excerpts from Burn's reports toRaffles, retaining his original spelling, punctuation punctuation[Lat.,=point], the use of special signs in writing to clarify how words are used; the term also refers to the signs themselves. In every language, besides the sounds of the words that are strung together there are other features, such as tone, accent, and , use of capitalletters, etc. Some words are not easy to read, and a few are illegible il��leg��i��ble?adj.Not legible or decipherable.il��legi��bil ,as indicated. Place names that Burn mentions are identified and shown inFigure 1. In a few cases, the names have been read differently from thecorresponding names as given by Smith (2004). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] 1. Burn to Raffles, 12 February 1811. The first letter starts by acknowledging the receipt of a letterfrom Raffles, in which the latter asked for information about the fateof vessels captured by local pirates. Burn told Raffles that one ofthese, the Commerce, had been burned by "Pangeran Samewda" ofSarawak, a relative of the Sultan of Sambas. Burn also said that he hadnot received a "publication" that would have "greatlyassisted" him. This may be a reference to the outcome of the legalproceedings All actions that are authorized or sanctioned by law and instituted in a court or a tribunal for the acquisition of rights or the enforcement of remedies. in which he was involved. Extracts now follow, in the orderin which they were written. [Of the Dayaks] their manner when they come from the Interior ofPontiana appear to me the mildest of any species of people I ever saw.They look up to the Sultaun and Arabs here as a very superior order ofbeings. I have repeatedly seen the Sultan employ some hundreds of them,in daily cutting and dragging trees, collecting Rattans from the Woodsand other kinds of hard labour, without any other reward than a dailyration rationa fixed allowance of total feed for an animal for one day. Usually specifies the individual ingredients and their amounts and the amounts of the specific nutriments such as carbohydrate, fiber, individual minerals and vitamins. of some Rice and Salt for a month or six weeks, after whichperiod they generally left him, but if they remained for some Months hegenerally gave each of them a coarse handkerchief handkerchief.In classical Greece pieces of fine perfumed cotton, known as mouth or perspiration cloths, were often used by the wealthy. From the 1st cent. B.C. with a [illeg.] ofSalt (which is of great value in the interior of Borneo) and the headmen The Headmen is a group of fictional supervillains in the Marvel Comics universe. They first appeared (as a team) in The Defenders #21 (March 1975). HistoryThe Headmen are a group of would-be masterminds who use magic, science, and surgery to gain superpowers. had the honor of exhibiting their war dance before the Sultaun whichthey accompanyed with the [illeg.] hoop, a wild chilling and savagescream in concert and then departed. He often told me it was the onlyway he could obtain any service from them, that he frequentlyendeavoured to encourage by a daily small pay which always put an end totheir exertion exertion,n vigorous action, a great effort, a strong influence. and had a bad effect, making them indolent indolent/in��do��lent/ (in��dah-lint)1. causing little pain.2. slow growing.in��do��lentadj.1. Disinclined to exert oneself; habitually lazy.2. . ... There is a place called Sango [Sanggau] a long way abovePontiana on the banks of the same river, but the exact distance I cannotdetermine as the Malays compute more by time than any other method. Ithink however it is about 230 or 250 miles above Pontiana. This place,Sango, is famous for producing the best Gold Dust in the Island ofBorneo. At Sango there is a Tribe of Dyers [Dayaks] amounting to about8,000 and there is still the remains of a small square built Fort ofBrick, which the Malay records say was built by the Portuguese about 140or 150 years ago, that the Portuguese had a settlement here for manyyears, but why they abandoned it they know not. The head of this Tribestyles himself a Raja[,] he is a Mahomedan of Malay origins, his name isPangeran Paiko, his progenitors This article refers to the Star Trek race, and not a Convention with the same name in the in the role-playing game.The Progenitors were a race of fictional beings in the Star Trek Universe created by Gene Roddenberry. having intermarried with the head Familyof this Dyer tribe. This Raja has a Court of his own, he has madehimself independent of the Sultaun of Pontiana, but remains on terms offriendship with him. This Pangeran Paiko seems a man of considerableabilities. He has got about 500 Chinese settlers and about 1000 of theMalays but all his Dyers still remain Pagans, they however pay himTribute--cultivate Paddy even for exportation in considerablequantities, which is now very cheap (both paddy and rice) collectBeeswax, rattans and Gold Dust and are faithful and obedient to him. Hehimself is educated as well as most of the Malay Rajas generally are buthe considers it as policy to keep his Dyers in their primitive state ofignorance. The riches of this Raja are said to be considerable and whenany dispute arises betwixt be��twixt?adv. & prep.Between.Idiom: betwixt and betweenIn an intermediate position; neither wholly one thing nor another. him and the Sultaun of Pontiana he generallylays an embargo on trade and the exportation of Gold Dust until heobtains his terms which are never unreasonable. There is also anothertribe of Dyers near to Mompawa [Mempawah] but they have no chief of anyconsequence and look up to the Sultaun of Mompawa [Mompawa being subjectto Pontiana) as their head. These two tribes are the only people of thatdescription I have seen, though there is a great many of themparticularly about Banjermassin where they are very numerous. There isalso in the inland parts of Borneo another race of People who live inthe hills, and said to have woolly wool��lyalso wool��y ?adj. wool��li��er also wool��i��er, wool��li��est also wool��i��est1. a. Relating to, consisting of, or covered with wool.b. Resembling wool.2. a. heads and very dark skins somethingsimilar to the description of the Battas of Sumatra and also in theirmanners and customs are said to be connected but at present I am notsufficiently prepared to speak with correctness on that subject, asthere is now absent from Pontiana two or three intelligent Merchants whoare daily expected here, and whose absence I regret much, particularlyone Arab named Shaik [sic] Osman, a most intelligent and well informedman who has been often farther into the interior of Borneo than anyother man I ever met with. He has resided here about 25 Years and hasacquired considerable property by trading in the Interior, and hasformed a small kind of settlement of his own up the river near to Sango.Further communications on the Dyers and also the inland inhabitants ofBorneo you may expect from me at some future period as well as thedifferent Books which you mentioned as most of them are promised me[i.e., by the Sultan of Pontianak]. The Island of Borneo. The principal Sultauns or Rajas on the island of Borneo are thoseof Borneo Proper [Brunei], Banjermassin and Succadana. All the othersare of late origin and usurpers The following is a list of usurpers – illegitimate or controversial claimants to the throne in a monarchy. The word usurper is a derogatory term, and as such not easily definable, as the person seizing power normally will try to legitimise his position, while denigrating that to that Title. The [illeg.] Raja ofSuccadana is of Malay origin, now removed to a place called Mattan, nearto Succadana. Succadana was formerly a place of great trade but now goneto decay. Many ships formerly frequented that place but not for manyyears past. The Cause is chiefly owing to owing toprep.Because of; on account of: I couldn't attend, owing to illness.owing toprep → debido a, por causa dethe oppression of the Rajas tothe Buggis Merchants, and to others who resided and frequented the Part,but left it when they found each other more to their advantage andpartly to their quarrels with the Dutch who at one time sent anexpedition against Succadana, burned and destroyed it, and carried offwhatever property they could, which was but little. The present Sultaunof Pontiana often told me of this expedition, he himself being presentand aiding and assisting them the Dutch, though he is now friends withthe Raja of Mattan. I saw the present Raja of Mattan on a Public visitto this place about three months ago, but though he remained here about15 days, he only had two interviews with the Sultaun, and both thesetimes he was intoxicated in��tox��i��cate?v. in��tox��i��cat��ed, in��tox��i��cat��ing, in��tox��i��catesv.tr.1. To stupefy or excite by the action of a chemical substance such as alcohol.2. with Opium which he daily uses in immoderate im��mod��er��ate?adj.Exceeding normal or appropriate bounds; extreme: immoderate spending; immoderate laughter.See Synonyms at excessive. quantities, and altogether seems to be sunk in debauchery DebaucherySee also Dissipation, Profligacy.Debt (See BANKRUPTCY, POVERTY.)Alexander VIBorgia pope infamous for licentiousness and debauchery. [Ital. Hist.: Plumb, 219–220]Bacchus(Gk. and despised de��spise?tr.v. de��spised, de��spis��ing, de��spis��es1. To regard with contempt or scorn: despised all cowards and flatterers.2. by every one, but he does not behave with cruelty to his Subjects.... [This account ends with a description and drawing of the famoushuge "diamond" that was owned by the displaced displacedsee displacement. Sultan [Burn:"Raja"] of Sukadana and which the Dutch had unsuccessfullysought to buy. It was later found to be rock crystal (Smith 2004).] 2. "The Settlements above Pontiana," enclosure in Burn toRaffles, 12 March 1812. Tayan Tayan is about four days journey by water above Pontiana [where]there is a tribe of Dyers called the Tayan Dyers, their numbers do notexceed 8,000. The Raja of this place stiles Stiles can refer to: PeopleBert Stiles, short story writer Charles Wardell Stiles, American zoologist Edgar Stiles, character on the popular drama 24 Ezra Stiles, president of Yale College Innis Stiles, singer, musician [sic] himself RajaPalembahan [Penambahan], he is of Malay extraction and has about him 200Malays and a few Chinese; this place produces some Gold but is famousfor having plenty of Iron Ore, and Iron Stone, which is found in therising of the hilly hill��y?adj. hill��i��er, hill��i��est1. Having many hills.2. Similar to a hill; steep.hill ground, and may be procured without much trouble ofdigging, as it generally lays about in large and small pieces, and maybe had in any quantity. The Chinese obtain what they want of it, smeltit and form it into the thin potts [sic] and used by them as boilers,and also into a short kind of Gun only used by them in saluting onfasting days a fast day; a day of fasting.See also: Fast , but they have not yet acquired the Art of rendering itmalleable malleable/mal��le��a��ble/ (mal��e-ah-b'l) susceptible of being beaten out into a thin plate. mal��le��a��bleadj.1. Capable of being shaped or formed, as by hammering or pressure. and forming it into Bars, except in short pieces and all thatI have seen of it is very brittle. They frequently inquired if I couldteach them the art of forming it into Bars, of which they either areignorant about the means, or merely [illeg.]. I imagine the whole of theChinese who quit China to settle in Borneo, are of the very worst class,and consequently ignorant of the arts except in a very small degree, andwhen first they are landed here they are necessitated to indent To align text some number of spaces to the right of the left margin. See hanging paragraph. themselves for a given time to defray de��fray?tr.v. de��frayed, de��fray��ing, de��fraysTo undertake the payment of (costs or expenses); pay.[French d��frayer, from Old French desfrayer : des-, the expense of their passage,after which they are free, and many of them acquire considerableproperty, some return to China, but very few, they generally settlehere, procure wives and have familys, but they become much addicted ad��dict��edadj.1. Physiologically or psychologically dependent on a habit-forming substance.2. Compulsively or habitually involved in a practice or behavior, such as gambling. togambling and the use of Opium. They are in fact a low thievish thiev��ish?adj.1. Given to thieving.2. Of, similar to, or characteristic of a thief; furtive.Adj. 1. set evento each other. Tin ore has lately been discovered at this place. I haveseen some Specimens of it melted into Tin but they have not yet begun tomanufacture it in any quantity for Sale; the Raja was here a few daysago (at Pontiana). He has concluded a written treaty with the Sultaun ofPontiana by which he has made over his district to him with all hisDyers for his assistance and support against another Raja more powerfulthan himself who has mollested [sic] him. The Sultaun tells me he ishighly satisfied with his new acquisition and means to commencecollecting Tin immediately. The Raja of Tayan however still reserves tohimself the internal regulation of his district, and also sufficient forsupplying his own consequences. Mellyow [Meliau] From Tayan to Mellyow the distance by water is about one daysjourney. The Chief of the place is a Malay, stiles [sic] himselfPangeran Mellyow. He has about 45 or 50 Malays but no Chinese. His tribeof Dyers amount to about 1,000 only, they are called the Mellyow Tribe.This place produces some Wax and a species of Gambier, but of adifferent kind from which is produced at Rhio. It is to be understoodthat all the places above Pontiana produce Rice not only for their ownconsumption, but also for exportation. Pontiana, however, is anexception to this Rule as it is mostly supplyed from the Interior, andat one time (not many years ago) was mostly supplyed from Java but nowthey have not the smallest occasion for Rice from Java or anywhere elsebut the Interior of Borneo which is daily improving not only in thecultivation of Rice but also in many other necessarys of life, for whichthey formerly depended upon Java. This is in consequence of thedifficulty of keeping up a regular intercourse lately with Java onaccount of the war existing between the English and Dutch by which meansthey have been necessitated to cultivate a greater quantity of Land. Thepresent Pangeran Mellyow is now on a visit to Pontiana. He is a very oldman and possessed of but little property. His authority extends notbeyond his own district, but he pays tribute to noone. He is considerednot of sufficient consequence either to excite the envy or dislike ofthe other Rajas. Sango [Sanggau] From Mellyow the distance is about 5 days by water. Though I haveformerly said something about this place and the Raja, it may be well tokeep on the regular detail. The Sango tribe of Dyers originally amountedto about 8,000 but since last I wrote you the Sultan has sent for aparticular statement and account of the place, it is found that they areincreased by others that have joined them, and they amount to upwards ofthirty thousand (30,000). Their Chief is of Malay extraction,intermarried with the head Dyers family many years ago. He is called thePangeran Paiko, but also assumes the title of Raja. He has about him 5or 600 Chinese and about the same number of Malays. This place producesannually of Gold Dust about 2 Piculs, but frequently much more. TheSango Gold is of a very superior quality and bears a higher price thanmost of the other Gold hereabouts here��a��bout? also here��a��boutsadv.In this general vicinity; around here.hereaboutsor hereaboutAdverbin this regionAdv. 1. ; a Picul pic��ul?n.Any of various units of weight used in southeast Asia and China and equal to 100 catties, especially a Chinese unit equal to 133 1/3 pounds (about 60 kilograms). of Gold Dust is in excess of1,100 Bunkals, one Bunkal is the weight of two Spanish Dollars The Spanish dollar (also known as the "piece of eight" or the eight real coin) is the silver coin, worth eight reales, that was minted in the Spanish Empire after a Spanish currency reform in 1497. . TheSango Gold is worth 24 Span. Dollars per Bunkal, consequently the valueof two Piculs amounts to 52,800 Sp. Dollars. A few diamonds are alsofound but they are very small, their weight not exceeding from 2 to 4carats each. Sango produces Wax, but the yearly quantity is not easilyascertained, though I have known from two to three hundred piculsbrought down here at one time by the Country Traders. It also producesabundance of Rice, great quantities being exported. Coffee thrives herewell, but they do not cultivate much of it; the soil of Sango is dry andit is rather hilly country, but the Valleys are of a fine rich mould,quite the reverse of Pontiana which is low, soft and very marshy marsh��y?adj. marsh��i��er, marsh��i��est1. Of, resembling, or characterized by a marsh or marshes; boggy.2. Growing in marshes. , andtotally a Jungle except where it has been cleared by the Chinese. Sangoproduces nearly all the Fruits of India. Derians [sic] are to be foundgrowing in the Wood spontaneously in the greatest abundance [and] manydifferent kinds of Plantains are cultivated with Shaddocks [illeg.] orTomatoes, Mangoes, Mangosteens, Pineapples in the greatest abundance.Guavas, in plenty, and fine Oranges with plenty of Limes limesplural limites(Latin; “path”)In ancient Rome, a strip of open land along which troops advanced into unfriendly territory. It came to mean a Roman military road, fortified with watchtowers and forts. , Lemons, Jacks,Cucumbers of various sorts and excellent Pumpkins, Yams, and greatquantities of [illeg.], and as I said before, nearly all the fruits ofIndia, together with many others introduced from China by the Chinese.[Garden?] herbs thrive well from China, and sweet Potatoes sweet potato,trailing perennial plant (Ipomoea batatas) of the family Convolvulaceae (morning glory family), native to the New World tropics. Cultivated from ancient times by the Aztecs for its edible tubers, it was introduced into Europe in the 16th cent. , but I haveseen no Real Potatoes here, except which have been sent from Java, but Iimagine they would thrive equally well here as on Java. There are manyother Fruits and Roots which I imagine to be peculiar to Borneo as I donot recollect rec��ol��lect?v. rec��ol��lect��ed, rec��ol��lect��ing, rec��ol��lectsv.tr.To recall to mind. See Synonyms at remember.v.intr.To remember something; have a recollection. to have seen them anywhere else. Sugar Cane does notthrive well at Sango, though it succeeds remarkably well at some of theother settlements and at Pontiana. Rice is the only Grain they cultivateand that flourishes in the greatest luxuriance. Sango has also acquiredfrom Java a breed of Cattle but except a few which they keep the othershave become wild in the Woods, but not very numerous, as the Dyersfrequently destroy them, but they have no Horses, neither Bullocks norHorses being originally in any part of Borneo. There is at large plentyof Deer in the Woods but in a wild state, but very easily got at andkilled. There is also numerous droves of wild Hogs, they are to be seentogether in many hundreds at a time, and do great mischief to thePlantations and Paddy Fields. There is also Rhinoceros rhinoceros,massive hoofed mammal of Africa, India, and SE Asia, characterized by a snout with one or two horns. The rhinoceros family, along with the horse and tapir families, forms the order of odd-toed hoofed mammals. in the Jungle,but they are most frequently seen singly but very seldom two together.They describe this Animal to run very fast in a direct line but he turnshimself with much difficulty, by which means they kill him without muchdanger. If he happens to kill any one he in a short time rasps him topieces with his Tongue which is very rough, but he feeds on grass andvegetables; their flesh is by the inhabitants of Borneo held in thehighest estimation as a Medicine and sovereign cure for most distempers,and bears a very high price even the smaller parts of him. There is alsothe small Tyger Cat, but no real Tygers or Elephants are to be found inall Borneo. There is the Musk, or Civet civet(sĭv`ət)or civet cat,any of a large group of mostly nocturnal mammals of the Old World family Viverridae (civet family), which also includes the mongoose. Cat, one of them I have now inmy possession. They are very numerous. Bears are about Borneo andparticularly about Sango but they are all of a remarkable small size.There are Musk rats musk ratn → rat��n m almizcleroand the common or Ship Rat, the Porcupine porcupine, in zoologyporcupine,member of either of two rodent families, characterized by having some of its hairs modified as bristles, spines, or quills. also. Thequills of this Animal are about six inches long, when he is full grown.I have been advised that they will shoot or throw their quills to thedistance of 20 feet, but the wounds they inflict are not dangerous. Inever saw this myself but on the contrary one of these Animals have gotinto the habit of coming frequently into my Room at night in search ofFruit and pestered me much. I more than once got between him and thedoor, shout at him, and endeavoured to kill him as he was verymischievous mis��chie��vous?adj.1. Causing mischief.2. Playful in a naughty or teasing way.3. Troublesome; irritating: a mischievous prank.4. , but I never saw him throw his quills. At last my Servantkilled him and though this Animal was very large he did not shoot hisquills. The species of Apes and Monkeys are various and numerous, someof them I have seen very large indeed. They have also the famous OrangOtang [sic] said to be found nowhere else but in Borneo. I have atdifferent times got them as presents from the Sultaun and others, butthese were generally small and puny pu��ny?adj. pu��ni��er, pu��ni��est1. Of inferior size, strength, or significance; weak: a puny physique; puny excuses.2. Chiefly Southern U.S. Sickly; ill. , the full grown ones being toostrong and vicious to be caught alive. Strange things are related ofthem by the Malays. The Sultaun has assured me that they frequentlycarry off the Female Slaves, which indeed is known to be a fact. Thereis now at Mompawa one of the Sultan's female slaves who was carriedoff by the Animal about 14 Months, but at last made her escape from him.The Sultaun has often related to me the circumstances with all theparticulars belonging to it, and never failed to conclude without thefollowing observation: 'I imagine the Europeans will not believethis, it is a fact however, and very true, and if you wish it I willsend down to Mompawa for this Woman that you may see and examineher'. I always told him that his Authority was sufficient, and thatI did believe him. Many very respectable people have assured me that itis a very frequent thing in the Interior. I could say much on thissubject, and relate a great many particulars relative to thisextraordinary Animal when it is in its wild state, by informationobtained from various quarters, and which all agree, but I ratherdecline it, having so much the appearance of Fiction. I had one of themin my possession for a long time. The capacity of that Animal seemedindeed far beyond that of what I saw of any other Animal taken from awild place. Though I gave him very little attention he soon got attachedto me. He was frequently set at liberty but always returned in a shorttime and seemed to be perfectly sensible when he had done any sort ofmischief which frequently was the case, but then generally it was in hisown defence, the Malay boys often mollesting him. He would defendhimself with a short stick when he was provoked. This stick I permittedhim to keep for his amusement until one day when he was irritated ir��ri��tate?v. ir��ri��tat��ed, ir��ri��tat��ing, ir��ri��tatesv.tr.1. To rouse to impatience or anger; annoy: a loud bossy voice that irritates listeners. andprovoked by a Chinaman who have frequently done so before, he by somemeans struck the Chinaman so severely on the Head as to cut him to theScull, indeed at first I did imagine he had fractured him, but to me andthose he knew were as gentle and obedient as a Spaniel spaniel:see sporting dog; toy dog. spanielAny of several breeds of dogs used to flush game. Spaniels originated in Spain, but most modern breeds were developed in Britain. Breeds range from 14 to 20 in. but remarkablyshy to strangers. The different species of birds are few at Sango andindeed all over Borneo, but they have plenty of Ducks and Tealsdomesticated do��mes��ti��cate?tr.v. do��mes��ti��cat��ed, do��mes��ti��cat��ing, do��mes��ti��cates1. To cause to feel comfortable at home; make domestic.2. To adopt or make fit for domestic use or life.3. a. , the wild kind of hawks, and the White headed Kite, whichKite is the Deity of all the Dyer tribes, and universally worshipped byall of them. Also a bird about the size of starling starling,any of a group of originally Old World birds that have become distributed worldwide. Starlings were brought to New York in 1890; since then the common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) has spread throughout North America. , its colour isvarigated [sic] alternately black and white. This bird has loud, shortand very shrill shrill?adj. shrill��er, shrill��est1. High-pitched and piercing in tone or sound: the shrill wail of a siren.2. note, when it begins to chant at break of day the noteis very sweet. The bird is consulted by the Dyers, when they are aboutto undertake a dangerous expedition, their leader attending to itswhistling by which he pretends to prognosticate prog��nos��ti��catev.To predict according to present indications or signs; foretell.prognosticatePrognose verbTo project the outcome of a particular condition or state whether they ought toproceed or not, that is on their expedition. There is also a species ofstarling, Paddy Birds (Zool.) See Java sparrow, under Java.See also: Paddy , Snipes Snipes (Diminutive for Snipers) is a text-mode networked computer game that was created in 1983 by SuperSet software. Snipes is officially credited as being the original inspiration for Novell NetWare. in great plenty, some Curlews, Land Larks,Wood Pigeons, very large, the Turtle Dove The Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a member of the bird family Columbidae, which includes the doves and pigeons.It is a migratory species with a western Palearctic range, including Turkey and north Africa, though it is rare in northern Scandinavia and Russia; , and a few others in theWoods, one of the resembling a small Pheasant pheasant,common name for some members of a family (Phasianidae) of henlike birds related to the grouse and including the Old World partridge, the peacock, various domestic and jungle fowls, and the true pheasants (genus Phasianus). , and another called by theMalays the Ingam. The Ingam is about the size of a large Raven, andblack except under the throat and belly when it is white. It makes amost remarkable loud hollow short noise, or in short notes, butresembling the blowing of a Conch conch(kŏngk, kŏnch, kôngk), common name for certain marine gastropod mollusks having a heavy, spiral shell, the whorls of which overlap each other. Shell, and hears at a very greatdistance. When they pair, the Female builds her nest in the cavity ofsome tree, and then lays two Eggs, and begins to sit. The Male thencontinues to build the nest in a very strong and neat manner which isfinished by covering in the Female, except a small opening for her Head.During the term of incubation the Male attends and feeds the Female.This bird although a very remarkable one is not held in any kind ofestimation by the Dyers, all of them worshipping the white headed Kitewhich appears to me to be the same as the white headed Braminy Kitewhich I have frequently seen at Madras. There are also various kinds ofParroquets, and a species of Jungle Fowl jungle fowl,common name for small, terrestrial wild fowl comprising four species in the genus Gallus. Most important of these is the red jungle fowl, which Charles Darwin determined to be the ancestor of all domesticated fowl. much resembling the DomesticFowl, but much smaller. All the Males are of a reddish colour but someof them approaching to Blue and the Female Grey. These are all that Ihave seen or have any account of except the King Fisher King Fisher (1854–1884) was a gunslinger of the American Old West. Early lifeJohn King Fisher was born in Collin County, Texas, to Jobe Fisher and Lucinda Warren Fisher. He had two brothers, Jasper and James, and his mother died when he was two years old. , and someSwallows and some smaller Birds. There are also Bats, but not numerous.There is no account of either Crow or Sparrow, nor do I believe they arein Borneo, indeed the different Species of Birds and Animals in Borneoare but few indeed, and it appears to me very singular that there shouldbe no Elephants, and yet the small Island of Sooloo which is at notgreat distance from Borneo has plenty of them in a wild state. Snakesare common, some of them remarkable large and some of the small kind arevenomous venomoussecreting poison; poisonous. . The large kinds are not so, but I never have seen the Cobra. The Woods are stocked with Adj. 1. stocked with - furnished with more than enough; "rivers well stocked with fish"; "a well-stocked store"stockedfurnished, equipped - provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority); "a furnished apartment"; wild Boar, but they are much smallerthan our domestic one, and was it not on account of the extremeindolence of the Malays enormous quantities of Wax might be collected.This account of the Animal productions of Sango will nearly serve forall the island of Borneo, except Banjermassin and some other places,particularly about the Straits Straits:see Dardanelles; Bosporus. of Macassar such as Pasier [Pasir] andKootee [Kutei] where Birds Nests are produced. The Swallow which I haveseen here is not of that species. The Raja of Sango exacts a duty of 6 Reals or 12 Rupees for everyBunkal of Gold Dust that is collected at his district, but it is sounattended to, and they can make payment of his dutys so rarely, that hedoes not upon an average one year with another receive more than two orthree thousand Dollars yearly for Gold Dutys, though at theabovementioned a��bove��men��tioned?adj.Mentioned previously.n.The one or ones mentioned previously. rate he ought to get at least 13,000 Dollars. The Dutyson Rice and the other produce he collects with greater care, though itis impossible to say what it is, but as he is himself a great Trader, hegets much money that way. They have the Smallpox smallpox,acute, highly contagious disease causing a high fever and successive stages of severe skin eruptions. The disease dates from the time of ancient Egypt or before. at Large generally oncein 6 or 7 years, though great precautions are taken to prevent it, itgenerally carries off 20 in the hundred. They have no kind of knowledgeof using either the Vaccine or the common mode of Inoculation inoculation,in medicine, introduction of a preparation into the tissues or fluids of the body for the purpose of preventing or curing certain diseases. The preparation is usually a weakened culture of the agent causing the disease, as in vaccination against . Thedialect of the Sango Dyers is different from the other Tribes. I have atthe moment 5 or 6 of these people squatted round me and two of theLeaddo [Ledo] tribe also, but they both declare that they cannotunderstand each other except in the Malay tongue, and yet these twoTribes are only situated a short distance from each other, when at theirrespective districts. Sango was many years ago destroyed by the fatherof the present Sultan of Pontiana. He burned the Chief Town, destroyedits Fort and carried off the Guns, but afterwards granted them a peace,the Rajah having escaped into the Woods. The Raja of Sango has sinceagain put his place in order, built a Fort in the Malay style, and has anumber of very fine brass Guns mounted, besides Transomes. The Malaysare however in the use and practice of Great Guns wonderfully ignorantwhen compared with the Europeans. They always prefer the largest of thelongest Guns they can procure, though at the same time they have onlyoccasion to fire across a narrow river, never considering these things "These Things" is an EP by She Wants Revenge, released in 2005 by Perfect Kiss, a subsidiary of Geffen Records. Music VideoThe music video stars Shirley Manson, lead singer of the band Garbage. Track Listing1. "These Things [Radio Edit]" - 3:172. .Indeed their Guns serve more for Show than any real defence they couldmake with them and of this they themselves are very sensible,particularly against Europeans. It must be confessed however that the Malays and the Buggiss arevery expert and experienced at making not only a defence in their armedProas and Fighting Boats, but also display a great deal of Courage andfight most desperately against each other with Spears and Crisses, moreso indeed than Europeans think they are capable of, but they alwaysprefer treachery to an open attack when they can put it in practice. Scadoo [Sekadau] From Sango to Scadoo the distance by water is only about three daysjourney. The River is still broad and deep, generally from 8 to 20fathoms. The Chief there is called the Pangeran Scadoo, and is of Malayorigin. The Scadoo tribe of Dyers do not exceed 10,000. The placeproduces some Gold and Rattans with Rice and Wax etc etc but the placeis itself of little importance. The Soil is also very indifferent, andin the estimation of the Malays the District is considered inferior toothers. Spaw [Sepauk] From Scadoo to Spaw the distance is two days by water. The chief isa Malay stiled Pangeran Spaw. His tribe of Dyers amount to about 1,000,Malays about 50, Chinese 100. This place produces annually [sic] about50 Bunkals of Gold Dust, value about 1,200 Dollars, and some wax. Theplace also produces some cotton. The cotton shrub Same as Cotton plant.See also: Cotton or tree was firstimported into Borneo from Java. The Soil of the place is generallymarshy, and the place altogether of very little importance. Billiton [Belitang] From Spaw to Billiton it is only one days journey by water. Thechief here is called Pangeran Billiton. He is a Malay. The tribe ofBilliton Dyers are about 6,000. Malays about 100, but no Chinese. Thisplace produces some Gold and abundance of Rice, some Cotton, wax andkind of oil called by the Malays Tenkawan. This oil is obtained from theTrunk of a tall tree which is extracted by expression. The Oil thusobtained is run into Bamboos, and it then becomes hard as tallow tallow,solid fat extracted from the tissues and fatty deposits of animals, especially from suet (the fat of cattle and sheep). Pure tallow is white, odorless and tasteless; it consists chiefly of triglycerides of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids. and ofa greenish colour but has little smell. Great quantities of this oil isbrought to Pontiana from the Interior as well as this place. It makescandles with a small mixture of wax but they do not bum clear, but Ithink it would answer many uses for which Tallow is used, for even inthis hot climate it retains it hardness, and the Malays always use it inthe bottom of their Proas, in preference to any other. From this placeBilliton by water, but through the windings of branch of the River aboutone Month's journey but by land from Billiton only 7 days,commences the high and hilly country which is inhabited by that singularrace called the Poonans, and are supposed by many to resemble the Battasof Sumatra, but I have never perfectly ascertained that they have thesmallest resemblance to them, or indeed to any Tribe I ever heard of;and are no doubt the Aborigines aborigines:see Australian aborigines. of Borneo, if the Dyers are not, thoughI rather should imagine that both of them are, original inhabitants ofBorneo. I have seen several Arab traders who at different times haveseen some of these people, and they all declare (although I haveexamined them specially on this subject without their knowing, myintention was so) the same in their accounts of this Tribe. An Arabtrader called Syed Abdiila told me that he purchased a Female from someDyers of this race of People. The Dyers had caught her by accident, butshe could understand nothing of the Dyers language or any other but herown, which is perfectly different from any language known in Borneo. Hermanners were perfectly wild and savage, as they all are, very muchresembling the natives of the Andemans when they are first caught by theEuropeans, and indeed these people are caught much in the same way asthe Andemans are, by accident. These Poonans go perfectly naked as thenatives of New Holland do, but they are not cannibals, as it is believedby some people they are. They cultivate no Rice, but have plenty ofSago. They are particularly cautious and timid in their intercourse withthe other Tribes of the Dyers, and the up country traders which iscarried on in the following manner and has been described to me by someof the Arab Traders. The Poonans require nothing but Salt, boilingpotts, and iron Parangs, or large knives used by the Dyers, whoeverwishes to dispose of these articles, but particularly Salt, which is ingreat request by the Poonans, the seller of the salt deposits his salton the ground near to the [illeg.] and haunts of the Poonans, he thenbeats with a stick for a considerable time on a tree or [illeg.] whichis preferable and then departs to a considerable distance. The Poonansif they are feeling satisfyd all is safe will in the course of a day ormore come and take away the salt and what is very singular never fail toleave in its place some Gold Dust which is very rare but also valuablecontained in short pieces of Bamboo. They all agree that the Poonans arefaithful in making the Deposit for what they take. The seller generallyobtains at the rate of 75 to 80 dollars for his Salt per picul by thisSingular trade but it is attended with an immense trouble and also verygreat danger and risk, the Dyers in the neighbourhood often attackingthe traders when off their Guard, but they never do [illeg.]. Who thesepeople are they cannot be accounted for, unless it is the Dyers being inthe habit of carrying them off or what is more probable putting them todeath in order to produce their heads, according to the custom of theDyers, for these Poonans are almost defenceless adj. 1. same as defenseless; as, a defencelesschild s>.Adj. 1. defenceless - lacking protection or support; "a defenseless child"defenselessvulnerable - susceptible to attack; "a vulnerable bridge" , being perfectly naked,and also ignorant of the use of the blowstick or Soompet [sumpit], whichis very formidable in the hands of the Dyers for I have seen themrepeatedly strike down even small birds from the trees with theblowstick or Soompet, though they only used for this purpose small ballsof stiff clay not even hardened, but firming them at the time they usethem, but with the small poisoned Arrows they must be almost infallible in��fal��li��ble?adj.1. Incapable of erring: an infallible guide; an infallible source of information.2. against the Poonans. The number of this Race of People cannot be known.I have made every possible inquiry but cannot attain any otherinformation than this, that they are imagined to be very numerous. ThesePoonans are as fair and even fairer than some of the Dyers and Malays,which is very different from what I have heard of the Battas of Sumatra.It may be necessary perhaps for me to remark that I have always foundthat the Arabs the best informed and the most intelligent people of anythat I have conversed with. Some of them have even provided to me theirwritten remarks and observations taken when they were in the Interior,and they are generally not only willing but vain of communicating whatthey know and the intelligence they obtain from others, as they imaginetheir name will be made conspicuous elsewhere. As for the Malays, andalso the Buggiss, their intelligence is rather circumscribed and verydefective. They can understand what one article can be purchased for,and what they can obtain for another, at the different parts theyfrequent in the Interior, but when the questions are extended anyfurther beyond these subjects it frequently excites their laughter andalways their surprise, but if I endeavour to obtain any intelligencefrom them of History relative to the different Countrys where they mightbe acquainted with it, I have found them relate the most ridiculousFictions which they themselves have heard and implicitly credit, and arevery superstitious su��per��sti��tious?adj.1. Inclined to believe in superstition.2. Of, characterized by, or proceeding from superstition.su . The Sultaun has given me every assistance; he is awell informed man himself and possessed of most retentive re��ten��tive?adj.1. Having the quality, power, or capacity of retaining.2. Having the ability or capacity to retain knowledge or information with ease: a retentive memory. memory. He hassent for every person he thinks can be of service and strictly lays themunder the most strenuous injunctions to adhere strictly to the truth,but the most difficult things to obtain is the dates of what happenedlong ago, as the Malay records are very defective in the respect,however he has lately (a few days ago) produced a book of his ownwriting, and in this book he has the dates of all the Portuguesesettlements and also the Dutch when they were on Borneo which he tellsme he obtained from the records of the Dutch East India Company Dutch East India Company:see East India Company, Dutch. when hewas at Batavia many years ago, by which it appears that the Portuguesesettled on this side of Borneo I imagine about the same time they hadsettlements in Java. Sintang From Billiton to Sintang the distance by water is about 6 daysjourney. (14) This is a place of much importance and supposed to be avery old settlement. The chief here is called the Sultaun of Sintang histribe of Dyers are very numerous and exceed 60,000. The Sultaun is ofMalay extraction, be has about him upwards of 1,000 Malays, and about700 Chinese. This tribe of Dyers is called the Sintang Tribe. They areesteemed the finest Tribe of Dyers on the whole Island of Borneo, thoughthey are far superior in numbers in numbered parts; as, a book published in numbers.See also: Number to some of the others particularly theBanjermassin tribe which is very numerous. They are not only fairer intheir complexion complexion/com��plex��ion/ (kom-plek��shun) the color and appearance of the skin of the face. com��plex��ionn.The natural color, texture, and appearance of the skin, especially of the face. , but their noses are not so broad and flat as theothers, but their noses are described to me more pronounced than any ofthe others, and not so much of the Malay features. The Sintang Tribealso speaks a Dialect which is but little understood by theirneighbours. They are also free from the scaley scurf scurfn.Scaly or shredded dry skin, such as that which occurs as dandruff.scurfloose, dry scales on the haircoat and skin. May be a sign of dry skin or associated with a variety of skin diseases. See also pityriasis. on the skin whichmany among the other Tribes have, and has a very disgusting appearance.They are also less savage in their manner, but take them in generaltheir chief customs and Religion is the same. The Female Slaves of thisTribe are highly prized by the different Malay Rajas but it is difficultto obtain them. I never saw any of this Tribe at Pontiana, they all paytribute to their Sultaun and are much attached to him. Sintang producesannually Gold Dust about 4 Piculs, but often much more, and is of anexcellent quality, 4 Piculs being worth about 100,000 Dollars, upwards.It also produces Cotton. Many of these Dyers have learned to fabricate avery coarse kind of cloth from this Cotton which is worn by the men inlieu of the coarse fringed stuff used by the other Tribes and by theWomen in the Fashion of a short petticoat which however does not reachto the knee, but no other covering do they use. Many of them have alsolearned to Trade and they endeavour to imitate the Malays and the Arabsin some of their Customs, but the Malays, Arabs and Chinese alwaysengross To print a final copy of a document. In archaic Criminal Law, engrossment was the process of forcing higher the price of a good by buying it up and creating a Monopoly. the whole Trade to themselves where they can. Salt has a veryhigh price and indeed all over the Interior of Borneo. The salt is allimported from Java and other places, and the Rajas constantly make amonopoly of it, well knowing that it is one of the necessaries of lifewhich cannot easily be dispensed with as the Opium can and often hasbeen when attempted to be raised in the same manner. Salt here is oftenup to the price of 200 Dollars per Coyan, and the Sintang Coyan is only30 Picuis. Sintang produces great quantities of rattans, and Rice is inthe greatest abundance. The price of Rice does not exceed from 15 to 20Reals per Coyan. The Soil is very dry in some places and very rich. Theyhave got a breed of Bullocks and also of Buffaloes, which are numerousand still increasing, but they have not any horses. From Sintang to theRiver of Banjermassin, they have an inland communication, and Trade tothat place. They also do the same with Borneo Proper, partly by means ofthe different branches of the river and partly by an inlandcommunication which the Malays are always associate. The Animal andVegetable productions are nearly the same as Sango, but from everyinformation which I have yet obtained and particularly from an Arab Syedwho resided many years at Sintang, it appears to me to be a verysuperior place to any of the others on this River and abounds with allthe Borneo productions, Diamonds and Birds Nests excepted. The Sultaunof Sintang and the Sultaun of Pontiana seem to take little notice ofeach others transactions, but they are not on bad terms, being perfectlyindependent of each other. About ten days journey inland from Sintang is a Tribe of Dyerscalled the Mintoaree Tribe, but they are tributary to and acknowledgethe Sultaun of Sintang. These people have the Lobes of their Earsperforate per��fo��ratev.1. To make a hole or holes in, as from injury, disease, or medical procedure.2. To pass into or through (a body structure or tissue).adj.Having been perforated. when young, and extended to an unusual size by some instrumentof wood they keep in them with a spring which extends them. They are alluniversally Tattooed all over their body. They amount to about 10,000but their manners differ little in other respects from the SintangDyers. They cultivate Rice and collect some Gold. There is immensequantities of Rattans in the Woods but they do not collect them. Theirdialect is very easily understood by the Sintang Tribe. This Tribe ofMintoaree Dyers have lately been attacked and dispersed by theBanjermassin Dyers, called the Beeajoo [sic] Tribe. (15) This quarreltook place on account of their waylaying each other and cutting off eachother heads according to their Customs. They have left their Districtand joined themselves to another Tribe called the Amballoo [Ambalu orEmbaluh? (16)] Dyers, which took place very lately. About 12 days journey in another direction from Sintang by land isa large Lake about 120 Miles across but in which direction I cannotexactly discover, as the main River has acquired many serpentine serpentine(sûr`pəntēn, –tīn), hydrous silicate of magnesium. It occurs in crystalline form only as a pseudomorph having the form of some other mineral and is generally found in the form of chrysotile (silky fibers) and windings both below and above Sintang. Around this Lake is a Tribecalled the Amballoo Dyers. They are and acknowledge themselves to betributary to the Sultaun of Sintang. Their number amounts about 12,000.They are also industrious, cultivate Rice and collect some Gold. ThisLake has a communication with the Main River, and has immense quantitiesof fish of various kinds and excellent of their kind. This tribe is alsoTattooed, and their Dialect differs but little from Sintang Dialect. Theother Tribe called the Mintoaree Dyers are now settled amongst themsince they have been dispersed by the Banj ermassin Dyers called theBeeajoo Dyers. (17) Seelat [Silat] From Sintang to Seelat the distance by water is three days journey.The Chief of this place is called Palambahan Seelat. He is of Malayextraction. His tribe of Dyers are only about 2,000. He has about himabout 350 Malays and 50 Chinese. This small Tribe are nearly the same asthe Sintang Tribe, and speak their Language. The place produces littleGold, some Wax, and Rattans. The place has a fine dry Soil. The ChiefPalambahan bears a very high character. His place of residence is upinto a branch of the Main River. The People of Seelat are famous forbuilding most excellent Proas and boats which they sell for the purposeof carrying inland Trade. Some of the Proas will carry 10 Coyans ofRice. Rattans grow here in the Woods in the greatest plenty but they donot collect them. Seyat [Suhaid? (18)] From Seelat to Seyat is one days journey. The Chief here is calledKiau Toa, which is an inferior kind of Title. He is of Malay extraction.His Tribe of Dyers consist of about three thousand, and a few Malays,but no Chinese. These Dyers are nearly the same as the Seelat Dyers.This place produces a little Gold and Wax, but the place altogether isof but little consequence. Seelimboo [Selimbau] From Seyat to Seelimboo the distance is two days by water. TheChief is a Malay and has the title of Kiau Seelimboo. He has about 50Malays, but no Chinese and his Dyers are not above 1,000. The placeproduces little Gold but there is the greatest plenty of Wax if it wascollected. However about 1,000 Piculs of it yearly comes to Pontiana. At Seelimboo the River has very much the appearance of large Lake,the land not being in sight from one side to the other, and the motionor Current of the River is barely perceptible per��cep��ti��ble?adj.Capable of being perceived by the senses or the mind: perceptible sounds in the night.[Late Latin perceptibilis, from Latin perceptus . It is only one fathom fath��om?n. Abbr. fth. or fm.A unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.83 meters), used principally in the measurement and specification of marine depths.tr.v. deep in some places, but 4 to 5 fathoms in others. The River or Lakehere abounds with immense quantities of excellent Fish. About 100 Piculsof Cotton is also produced, which is all manufactured at the differentplaces on this River. The River above Seelimboo has no Settlement of anyconsequence, but many small Tribes of Dyers who are but little known.The River which is known by the name of the Pontiana River, takes itsrise from a range of very high Mountains, that are not inhabited. TheseMountains are a considerable way above Seelimbo. On the other side ofthese mountains another River takes its rise which falls into the Sea atPasier [Pasir] in the Straits of Macassar, and is also inhabited aboutits Banks by different Tribes of Dyers, mostly of the same descriptionof those on the Pontiana River. From Seelimboo to the River which falls into the Sea atBanjermassin the distance by land is only about Seven days to the Tribeof Dyers which is distinguished there by the name of the Beeajoo Dyers,who are said to extend all the way down to Banjermassin. This Tribecalled the Beeajoo Tribe are known to be the most numerous and warlike war��like?adj.1. Belligerent; hostile.2. a. Of or relating to war; martial.b. Indicative of or threatening war.warlikeAdjective1. Tribe in all the Island of Borneo. They also have much more of the Malayfeatures than the Sintang Dyers, and some of [the] other Tribes. Theywere for long time under the Raja of Banjermassin, but they have latelybegun to rebell [sic], but many of them are still obedient to the Raja.Their obedience is in consequence of the Raja of Banjermassin havingseized and forcibly forc��i��ble?adj.1. Effected against resistance through the use of force: The police used forcible restraint in order to subdue the assailant.2. Characterized by force; powerful. sent over 500 of these People to Java for thepurpose of converting them into Seapoys, in obedience to an order fromMarshal Dandaels. They are now become very troublesome, even attackingand taking many of the Trading Proas, sallying out suddenly from thesmall creeks that are about that River as they pass up and down andmurder the Crews as they take them. According to the Custom of the DyerTribes, these Banjermassin Dyers are armed with the Parang pa��rang?n.A short, heavy, straight-edged knife used in Malaysia and Indonesia as a tool and weapon.[Malay.]Noun 1. and theSoompet with the poisoned arrows which are most formidable weapons inthe hands of these people. The Settlement of Landaw [Landak] Landaw is about 6 days journey from Pontiana by river. This placeis situated up a branch of the River which joins at Pontiana, but itruns up from Pontiana in nearly a NE direction. This is a very ancientsettlement but its original settlers cannot be traced. The Chief iscalled the Pangeran Landaw. He is a Malay and related to the Sultaun ofPontiana by the mothers side. He at present has under him about 200Malays, 40 or 50 Buggiss, 100 Chinese and about 300 Natives of Bantam.His tribe of Dyers amount to about 5 or 6,000, but there is [sic] manyother Tribes around him of which he takes little notice, not wishing tosubject them to him. Landaw is a remarkably sickly place butparticularly so to strangers as they at first are generally attackedwith the Jungle Fever jun��gle fevern.See malaria. . The place produces annually Gold Dust to thevalue of about 11 to 12,000 Dollars, with some Rice, and the Fruits arenearly on a par with the other settlements. It has been repeatedly and[illeg.] ascertained that the Earth could produce more Gold than anyother place in Borneo yet known if it is allowed to be collected, butthe Raja will not permit it, except in a very small degree. The Chinesehave made many attempts to get permission hut without success, and theyhave even attempted repeatedly to force themselves into the place, andhave lost many of their people in these attempts. Though the Rajah hadbut a small number of subjects at this present time to what he has manyyears ago, he still by some means or other sets them all at defiance.This aversion a��ver��sionn.1. A fixed, intense dislike; repugnance, as of crowds.2. A feeling of extreme repugnance accompanied by avoidance or rejection. on his part arises from his jealousy of the Chinese, wellknowing that his own force is but small, and having seen what theChinese did at a place called Montrado and Slackau [Selakau], which isat a short distance to the north of Mompawa. This place Montrado whichis now incorporated with Slackau was formerly under the Raja of Sambas,who at first permitted the Chinese to settle and collect Gold there;they for [a] long time [were] paying him Regular dutys, but when theyincreased to the number of thirty thousand, they finding Sambasdeclining from the Raja's own bad conduct in cutting off theCountry ship commanded by Captain Drysdale many years ago, and thesubsequent attack made on him by the Honourable Company Cruiser, and theChastisement he received from him at that time which he so deserved forhis treachery in cutting off Capt. Drysdale, the Chinese at Montrado andSlackau rebelled, being at the same time partly assisted and instigatedby emissaries from Pontiana, and gave the Raja of Sambas battlerepeatedly in their own way, so that they are now nearly independent,only sending the Raja of Sambas occasionally a trifling sum notexceeding 1500 Dollars in the course of 12 Months and some yearsnothing. The Rajah of Landaw having seen all this makes him particularlyaverse a��verse?adj.Having a feeling of opposition, distaste, or aversion; strongly disinclined: investors who are averse to taking risks. to the Chinese, and he never will allow more than a small numberto remain at Landaw. Landaw is also famous for producing Diamonds but these in a greatmeasure are restricted from the same causes. He will only allow permit afew people on who he thinks he can rely to search for them, and thatonly in particular places where they are known to be less plentiful thanothers. The value of the Diamonds however that are yearly found withinthese restrictions amounts to about 50,000 Dollars. About 25,000 Dollarsare annually sent to Java for same but of late years they have brought avery low price from what they did formerly. The other half are generallykept by the Finders or dispensed with at some other market, but theygenerally keep many as family property. The Raja has the sole right of claiming all Diamonds found abovethe weight of 4 carats, but if they do not exceed that weight theyexclusively belong to the finder finder,in law. Ordinarily the finder of lost property is entitled to retain it against anyone except the owner. It is larceny, however, for the finder to keep the property if he knows or can easily determine who owns it. but then the Raja pays to the Finderpart of their value. Thus, if the Diamond found is the weight of 5carats, the Raja pays the Finder 20 Reals per ct, or 40 Reals, though hewill again get for it 100 Reals or 200 Rupees. If it is 10 carats, hepays the Finder 200 reals or 400 Rupees but he may again get for it1,000 Reals. If the Diamond is 16 carats he pays 500 Reals but may get2,000 Reals for it. The value of the Diamonds increasing very fast asthey get heavier that is if they are of a good water, but many are foundthere of Reddish and Yellowish tint 1. TINT - Interpreted version of JOVIAL.[Sammet 1969, p. 528].2. tint - hue , and these are of but little value.All those under the weight of 5 Carats though their water may be verygood are of low value, and exclusively belong to the Finder. If theDiamond is 2 carat CARAT, weights. A carat is a weight equal to three and one-sixth grains, in diamonds, and the like. Jac. L. Dict. See Weight. weight it is worth 16 Reals, and if 3 Carat weight nomore than 30 Reals, if 4 carat weight value about 50 Reals. Few of theDiamonds here exceed the weight of 16 Carats and seldom 30 carats. Atthis place however was found the large one which is now in thepossession of the Raja of Mattan the weight of which is 367 Carats, andallowed to be of the first water. I formerly sent you a detailed accountin my first Letter by Captain Tait. Above Landaw this branch of the River gets very small. There is oneSettlement above it, but it is inhabited by Dyers who communicate andmix with those of Mompawa, and even all the way down to the north eastas far as Sambas, being all nearly connected to each other, but stilldivided into various and distinct Tribes, but they are not numerous. Thedifferent Rajas claim no kind of Tribute from them though they willoften come and assist the Rajas by what work they are capable of and onthese occasions their rewards are but trifling indeed. The People ofLandaw are notorious for taking off people by poison, but particularlystrangers who attempt to settle amongst them, or whoever they arejealous of. The present Sultaun of Pontiana has told me, that whilst theDutch resided at Pontiana he frequently went to Landaw with someone oranother about their dutys and other transactions, that he took wonderfulprecautions to guard against this perfidy, would not eat or drink fromthose of whatever they sent him, described the various ways in whichthey apply their poison and said he constantly lost some of his peopleby this. Every time he went there, many of his own Relatives had beenpoisoned by them and when these people visit Pontiana they are watchedand observed with particular care. The Suitaun lately lost one of hissisters that way, the Landaw people being always bribed for suchpurposes, and it only required a few Dollars to purchase such a Servicefrom a native of Landaw. The Raja of Landaw was formerly under and tributary to the Sultaunof Succadana and Mattan but being either oppressed op��press?tr.v. op��pressed, op��press��ing, op��press��es1. To keep down by severe and unjust use of force or authority: a people who were oppressed by tyranny.2. or imagining himselfto be so by the Mattan People they rebelled; at that Period Landaw wasmuch more powerful place than at present. The war was supported for along time with great animosity and mutual retaliations of cruelty byboth partys. At last the Raja of Landaw finding he could not hold outagainst the Force from Mattan sent against him, made application to theSultaun of Bantam imploring im��plore?v. im��plored, im��plor��ing, im��ploresv.tr.1. To appeal to in supplication; beseech: implored the tribunal to have mercy.2. his assistance and protection offering himany terms he might require for such assistance as would effectually ef��fec��tu��al?adj.Producing or sufficient to produce a desired effect; fully adequate. See Synonyms at effective.[Middle English effectuel, from Old French, from Late Latin avert the revenge of the Mattan people, who he knew would grant him noMercy. The Sultan of Bantam demanded the sole right of purchasing allthe Diamonds to be found in his District at a stated low price and someother stipulations, to all of which the Raja of Mattan was excluded, andthe Raja of Landaw agreed to; the Sultaun of Bantam then sent a fleet ofWar Proas to Landaw with (it is supposed) about 2,000 men, and sooncompelled the Raja of Mattan to withdraw his Force and grant them aPeace and Independence. The Sultan of Bantam, however thus became Masterof the place, kept possession of it and compelled the Raja of Landaw toacknowledge him as his Superior and the District to belong to the Sultanof Bantam. He also left a Force at Landaw to secure his new acquisition.When the settlement of Pontiana was first founded by the father of thepresent Sultaun, which was in the Year of the Hegira Hegiraor Hejira(both: hĭjī`rə, hĕj`ərə)[Ar.,=Hijra=breaking off of relations], the departure of the prophet Muhammad from Mecca in Sept., 622. 1185 or in the wayof the Christian era Christian eran.The period beginning with the birth of Jesus.Christian EraNounthe period beginning with the year of Christ's birthNoun 1. 1770 the Landaw people again applied to the Sultaunof Bantam, imagining and probably with good reason that they must soonbe subject to Pontiana. The Sultaun of Bantam imagining that he couldnot defend the place against the rising power of Pontiana which was muchdreaded from the formidable character the new Sultaun then bore, madeover the settlement of Landaw to the Dutch East India Company for thesum of thirty thousand Sp. Dollars (over 30,000) since which periodLandaw has belonged to the Dutch. The Dutch Government in the Year ofthe Hegira 1191 answering to the Christian Era 1776 sent a Force toPontiana, established a Resident there, afterwards assisted the Sultaunof Pontiana in destroying the famous settlement of Succadana and also inconsequence Mompawa and subjecting it to Pontiana. The Dutch establisheda Resident at Mompawa and for the space of 14 years did they continue tocollect and impose dutys on Pontiana, Mompawa and Landaw, until theyfinally withdrew. But still the Settlement of Landaw belongs to theDutch never having given up their Right of it to the Raja of Landawthough they had made no demands on any of these places for many years. The present Marshal Daendels still corresponds and exchanges mutualpresents with the Sultaun of Pontiana. The Sultaun has given me a sightof his presents and also read the Marshall's letters to me. Thepresent Sultaun is a man of much knowledge of the World in comparison tosome of the Malay Rajas. He at one time during his fathers lifetime wenton a visit to the Governor General of Batavia and visited the differentMalay Rajas on Java and also went to Banjermassin and other places,being absent for three years. His visit to Batavia he told me was to layopen to the Governor and Council of Batavia the impositions and thepeculations of the Dutch at Pontiana and at Mompawa, and in consequenceof his representations he got the Resident recalled and another put inhis situation, but he says they still continued the same practices,cheating both the Company and the Malays. He has often detailed to methe methods by which the Dutch Residents enriched themselves at theexpense of the Company, and the various modes by which they oppressedthe Malays, taxing every single item of consumption even to theFisherman and the Fish when landed for sale in the Bazar [sic], and atlast insisted when extracting a duty of 5 dollars annually [sic] forevery Slave in the place. It appeared however that this Tax on Slaveswas by order of the Governor General, but when the Sultaun went toBatavia he got it withdrawn. The Dutch had been in the habit of sendinglarge Sums of Span. Dollars to Pontiana for purchasing Gold Dust in theInterior. With these Dollars the Resident would purchase it for 12,16and 17 Doll per Bunkal, Dollars always being in demand in Borneo, butcharged it to the Company at 22 per Bunkal. Gold Dust always bears ahigh price in Java, from 27 to 28 and 30 Dollars per Bunkal. This is inconsequence of the natives of Java using such quantities worked up intoornaments Ornaments are a frequent embellishment to music. Sometimes different symbols represent the same ornament, or vice versa. Different ornament names can refer to an ornament from a specific area or time period. for their Wives and Female Slaves. The Dutch also followingthis example in that respect and in much the same fashion, and also theChinese on Java who are people possessed of great property and influencein consequence of it. J. Burn References Anonymous 1856 Journal of a Tour on the Kapuas. Journal of theIndian Archipelago and East Indies (New Series) 1:84-126. Bastin, J. 1961 Raffles and a British Indonesia. In: J. Bastin,Essays On Indonesian and Malaysian History. Singapore: EasternUniversities Press,. Pp. 115-42. Brooke, James 1838 Proposed Exploring Expedition to the AsiaticArchipelago, By James Brooke, Esq. In: H. Keppel, (1846), The Expeditionto Borneo of H.M.S. Dido ... 2 Vols, London: Chapman & Hall.Appendix I, pp. i-xv. Burn, J[oseph] 1811 Mr Burn's Account of Pontianak, 12February and 12 March 1811 (Manuscript). India Office Records The India Office Records are a very large collection of documents relating to the administration of India from 1600, the date of the establishment of the East India Company, to 1947, the date of Indian and Pakistani independence from British authority. , PrivatePapers, Raffles Collection XI, MSS MSS - maximum segment size Eur El09, London: British Library.Pp. 1-151. Edgell, T. C. P. 1935 English Trade and Policy in Borneo and theAdjacent Islands, 1667-1786. M.A. Thesis, University of London For most practical purposes, ranging from admission of students to negotiating funding from the government, the 19 constituent colleges are treated as individual universities. Within the university federation they are known as Recognised Bodies . Enthoven, J. K. K. 1903 Bijdragen tot de Geographic vanBorneo's Wester-afdeeling. 2 Vols. Leiden: Brill Brillor Bril,Flemish painters, brothers.Mattys Brill (mä`tīs), 1550–83, went to Rome early in his career and executed frescoes for Gregory XIII in the Vatican. . Gibson-Hill, C. A. 1952 Documents Relating to relating torelate prep → concernantrelating torelate prep → bez��glich +gen, mit Bezug auf +accJohn Clunies Ross,Alexander Ross, Alexander,1783–1856, Canadian fur trader and pioneer, b. Scotland. He went to Canada in 1805, taught school in Upper Canada, and in 1810 left for Oregon as a clerk in John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company. Hare and the Early History of the Settlement on theCocos-Keeling Islands. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the RoyalAsiatic Society The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (RAS) was, according to its Royal Charter of August 11, 1824, established to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia. 25/4 (1952):7-300. Hunt, J. 1820 Sketch of Borneo or Pulo Kalamantan, by J. Hunt,Communicated by J. Hunt Esq. in 1812 to the Honourable Sir T. S.Raffles, Late Lieut. Governor of Java; published in MalayanMiscellanies, 1/7 (1820): 1-67; also published in J. H. Moor, ed.Notices of the Indian Archipelago and Adjacent Countries, Singapore,1837, Appendix, pp. 12-30 (reprinted by Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London1968). Irwin, G. 1955 Nineteenth Century Borneo: A Study in DiplomaticRivalry. Singapore: Donald Moore Books. Leyden, John 1814 Sketch of Borneo, published in Transactions ofthe Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (Verhandelingen van hetBataaviasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen), 7/2:27-64; alsopublished in J.H. Moor, Singapore, 1837, ed., Notices of the IndianArchipelago and Adjacent Countries, Appendix, pp. 93-109 (reprinted byFrank Cass & Co. Ltd, London 1968). Matheson, V. and B. Andaya, eds. and trans. 1982 The Precious Gift= Tuhfat al-nafis Tuhfat al-Nafis is a work of Malay literature written by Raja Ali Haji in Jawi in 1885. It records and chronicles events, especially those of the 19th century, that occurred in several Malay states. / Raja All Haft ibn Abroad. Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur(kwä`lə lm`pr), city (1990 est. pop. : OxfordUniversity Press. Pfeiffer, Ida 1856 A Lady's Second Journey Round the World.New York New York, state, United StatesNew York,Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : Harper & Brothers. Posewitz, Th. 1892 Borneo: Its Geology and Mineral Resources Noun 1. mineral resources - natural resources in the form of mineralsnatural resource, natural resources - resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature .London: Edward Stanford. Raffles, Lady Sophia 1830 Memoir of the Life and Public Services Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by government to its citizens, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing private provision of services. ofthe Late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Noun 1. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles - British colonial administrator who founded Singapore (1781-1826)Raffles, Sir Thomas Raffles , F.R.S., etc. 2 Vols. London: JohnMurray Not to be confused with John Murry.There have been several important people by the name of John Murray (roughly in chronological order): John Murray of Falahill, a Scottish outlaw John Murray, 1st Duke of Atholl (1660-1724) . Runciman, S. 1961 The White Rajahs The White Rajahs refer to a dynasty that founded and ruled the Kingdom of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. A Rajah (or Raja) is a king or princely ruler in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The coaling station of Brooketon in Brunei was named after the Brooke family. . Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP) is a publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534, and one of the two privileged presses (the other being Oxford University Press). . Smith, F. Andrew 2001 Borneo Mysteries: Dom Manuel de Lima and theDisappearance of Lawei. Mercator's World 6/3:40-43. 2004 Captain Bum and Associates: British Intelligence-Gathering,Trade, and Litigation An action brought in court to enforce a particular right. The act or process of bringing a lawsuit in and of itself; a judicial contest; any dispute.When a person begins a civil lawsuit, the person enters into a process called litigation. in Borneo and Beyond During the Early NineteenthCentury. Borneo Research Bulletin 35:48-69. Straits Settlements Straits Settlements,collective name for certain former British colonies in Southeast Asia. The three British East India Company territories of Pinang, Singapore, and Malacca (see Melaka) were given a unified administration in 1826 and called the Straits Settlements. Factory Records 1810 List of Causes on the Plea, Equity and Ecclesiastical SidesCommenced and Disposed of in the 2nd Term of the Year 1810 (Manuscript).IOR/G/34/197/ff. 182-83. London: British Library. 1812 Miscellaneous Letters out: letter to Sultan of Pontianak, 12October 1812. In: Straits Settlements Records 1800-1867. Reproduction ofmanuscripts held in the Public Record Office, London, microfilm A continuous film strip that holds several thousand miniaturized document pages. See micrographics.Microfilm and Microfiche I.ll,Library of the National University of Singapore The National University of Singapore (Abbreviation: NUS) is Singapore's oldest university. It is the largest university in the country in terms of student enrollment and curriculum offered. . Veth, P. J. 1854-56 Borneo's Westerafdeeling. Two Vols.Zaltbommel: J. Noman en zoon See Zune. . Von Gaffron, H. 1856 [1857] Algemeen Verslag, Afdeeling Sintang, 28February 1857: West Borneo Inventory No. 45/Doc. No 17, Arsip NasionalRepublik Indonesia, Jakarta. Wadley, Reed L. 2006 Abang in the Middle and Upper Kapuas:Additional Evidence. Borneo Research Bulletin, this volume. Willi of Gais, Johannes 1922 Early Relations of England with Borneoto 1805. Langensalza: Beyer & Sohne (Beyer & Mann). Bob Reece Robert Scott Reece (born January 5 1951 in Sacramento, California) was a catcher in Major League Baseball. TeamsMontreal Expos 1978 External links* Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference Division of Arts, Murdoch University, Western Australia Western Australia,state (1991 pop. 1,409,965), 975,920 sq mi (2,527,633 sq km), Australia, comprising the entire western part of the continent. It is bounded on the N, W, and S by the Indian Ocean. Perth is the capital. e-mail: breece@murdoch.edu.au F. Andrew Smith Andrew Smith or Andy Smith may refer to: Andrew Smith (zoologist) (1797-1872) , Scottish zoologist Andrew Jackson Smith (1815-1897), American Civil War army general Andrew Jackson Smith (Medal of Honor recipient) (1843-1932), American Civil War soldier School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Waite Campus, TheUniversity of Adelaide Its main campus is located on the cultural boulevard of North Terrace in the city-centre alongside prominent institutions such as the Art Gallery of South Australia, the South Australian Museum and the State Library of South Australia. , South Australia South Australia,state (1991 pop. 1,236,623), 380,070 sq mi (984,381 sq km), S central Australia. It is bounded on the S by the Indian Ocean. Kangaroo Island and many smaller islands off the south coast are included in the state. e-mail: andrew.smith@adelaide.edu.au (1) Mr. Burn's Account of Pontianak, 12 February and 12 March1811, British Library, India Office Records, Private Papers, RafflesCollection, MSS Eur 109, pp. 1-151. The extracts reproduced here are bykind courtesy of the British Library. (2) For Sukadana at the end of the seventeenth century, see Edgell(1935). A comprehensive account of most of these trading ventures can befound in Willi of Gais (1922). (3) Smith (2004) has given an account of Burn's career from1803 to his death in 1814 or 1815, although gaps still remain. (4) Smith (2004) was wrong in saying that the grounding occurred onthe outward voyage. (5) Smith (2004) provides by no means a full account. For a list ofcases unresolved by August 1810, see "List of Causes on the Plea,Equity and Ecclesiastical Sides commenced and disposed of in the 2ndTerm of the year 1810," Straits Settlements Factory Records,British Library. The whereabouts of the early Penang Court records, ifindeed they still exist, are not known to the present authors. (6) G. Irwin, Nineteenth Century Borneo: A Study in DiplomaticRivalry, Singapore: Donald Moore, 1955, p. 65. (7) C. Gibson Hill, "Documents relating to John Clunies Ross,Alexander Hare and the early history of the settlement on theCocos-Keeling Islands," Journal of the Malayan Branch of the RoyalAsiatic Society, 25/4 (1952), pp. 7-300. Lack of shipping records forMalacca, unlike Penang, is a problem in sorting out this possibleconnection. (8) Straits Settlements Records 1800-1867, Public Record Office,London. (9) Lady Sophia Raffles (1830, I:40-41); see also, Smith (2004). (10) Tobias, Hartmann, van den Dungen Den Dungen is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Sint-Michielsgestel.Den Dungen was a separate municipality until 1996, when it was merged with Sint-Michielsgestel.[1] References1. Gronovius and Muller Mul��ler, Hermann Joseph 1890-1967.American geneticist. He won a 1946 Nobel Prize for the study of the hereditary effect of x-rays on genes.M��l��ler, Johannes Peter 1801-1858. traveledto the upper Kapuas region in the early 1820s. They were followed in the1830s by Henrici, and in the 1840s by von Gaffron. The latter returnedin the 1850s, and was Assistant-Resident at Sintang from 1854 to 1856(see von Gaffron 1856). Material from their reports was used by Veth(1854-1856), Posewitz (1892), and Enthoven (1903), but much is stillunpublished. Enthoven himself had traveled extensively in the regionbetween 1886 and 1895. For a discussion of von Gaffron's andEnthoven's accounts, see Reed L. Wadley, "Abang in the Middleand Upper Kapuas: Additional Evidence," Borneo Research Bulletin,2006. Two American missionaries, Nevius and Youngblood, toured theKapuas in the later 1830s (Anon. 1856). The journey down the Kapuas in1852 by the intrepid Ida Pfeiffer also deserves a mention (Pfeiffer1856). (11) S. Runciman, The Three White Rajahs, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1961: 31, citing Lady Sophia Raffles's Memoir. (12) Ibid. (13) "Proposed Exploring Expedition to the AsiaticArchipelago, by James Brooke, Esq.," Appendix I, in H. Keppel, TheExpedition to Borneo of H.MS. Dido ... 2 Vols, London: Chapman &Hall, 1846, I, Appendix I: i-xv. (14) This seems a long time for quite a short distance by water(see Figure 1). In general, however, times given by Burn areself-consistent. (15) Smith (2004) suggested that "Mintooree" (here"Mintoaree") refers to the Mendawai River in what is nowCentral Kalimantan Central Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Tengah often abbreviated to Kalteng) is a province of Indonesia, one of four in Kalimantan - the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its provincial capital is Palangkaraya.The province has a population of 1. . Its source is in the Schwaner Range. (16) For this place Smith (2004) suggested "Embalah,"meaning Embaluh (sometimes called "Embaloh"). The river entersthe upper Kapuas about 30 km. west of Putussibau. Given the precedingpassage, another possibility is Ambalu, a district centered on the upperMelawi River. The Ambalu River has a source in the Schwaner Range notfar from the Mendawai over the watershed. (17) The lake is obviously Danau Sentamm and associated seasonallakes and swamps. Smith (2004) read this "Amballoo" as"Ascarbaloo" but did not suggest a location; the difference isagain a reflection of Bum's handwriting. Assuming that"Amballoo" is more accurate, this time Embaluh, to the east ofthe lake, is appropriate. It is confusing that Bum apparently mentionedlocations in two different directions from Sintang as the places wherethe "Amballoo" Dayaks lived and the "Mintoaree"Dayaks settled. (18) "Seyat" was read as "Sogat" by Smith(2004). Suhaid was suggested as the location. There seems noalternative, especially as Bum did not otherwise mention Suhaid, an oldestablished settlement ruled by Malays. However, Suhaid is much closerto Selimbau than to Silat (Figure 1), so the travel times given byBurn's informants do not fit well.